Integration of stress testing with graph theory to assess the resilience of urban road networks under seismic hazards     

Nazli Yonca Aydin  H. Sebnem Duzgun  Friedemann Wenzel  Hans Rudolf Heinimann 《Natural Hazards》2018,91(1):37-68

Transportation networks daily provide accessibility and crucial services to societies. However, they must also maintain an acceptable level of service to critical infrastructures in the case of disruptions, especially during natural disasters. We have developed a method for assessing the resilience of transportation network topology when exposed to environmental hazards. This approach integrates graph theory with stress testing methodology and involves five basic steps: (1) establishment of a scenario set that covers a range of seismic damage potential in the network, (2) assessment of resilience using various graph-based metrics, (3) topology-based simulations, (4) evaluation of changes in graph-based metrics, and (5) examination of resilience in terms of spatial distribution of critical nodes and the entire network topology. Our case study was from the city of Kathmandu in Nepal, where the earthquake on April 25, 2015, followed by a major aftershock on May 12, 2015, led to numerous casualties and caused significant damage. Therefore, it is a good example for demonstrating and validating the developed methodology. The results presented here indicate that the proposed approach is quite efficient and accurate in assisting stakeholders when evaluating the resilience of transportation networks based on their topology.  相似文献   

Regional modelling of rainfall-induced runoff using hydrological model by incorporating plant cover effects: case study in Kelantan,Malaysia     

Shattri Mansor  Nader Saadatkhah  Zailani Khuzaimah  Arnis Asmat  Nor Aizam Adnan  Siti Noradzah Adam 《Natural Hazards》2018,93(2):739-764

The objective of this paper is to develop a spatial temporal runoff modelling of local rainfall patterns effect on the plant cover hilly lands in Kelantan River Basin. Rainfall interception loss based on leaf area index, loss/infiltration on the ground surface, and runoff calculation were considered as the main plant cover effects on the runoff volume. In this regard, a hydrological and geotechnical grid-based regional model (integrated model) was performed using Microsoft Excel^® and GIS framework system for deterministic modelling of rainfall-induced runoff by incorporating plant cover effects. The infiltration process of the current model was integrated with the precipitation distribution method and rainfall interception approach while the runoff analysis of integrated model was employed based on loss/infiltration water on the ground surface with consideration of water interception loss by canopy and the remaining surface water. In the following, the spatial temporal analysis of rainfall-induced runoff was performed using 10 days of hourly rainfall events at the end of December 2014 in Kelantan River Basin. The corresponding changes in pressure head and consequent rate of infiltration were calculated during rainfall events. Subsequently, flood volume is computed using local rainfall patterns, along with water interception loss and the remaining surface water in the study area. The results showed the land cover changes caused significant differences in hydrological response to surface water. The increase in runoff volume of the Kelantan River Basin is as a function of deforestation and urbanization, especially converting the forest area to agricultural land (i.e. rubber and mixed agriculture).  相似文献   

Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Agricultural Development in Al-Hassa Oasis,Saudi Arabia     

Adnan A. Akkad Dr. 《GeoJournal》1990,20(3):259-270

The developmental schemes implemented by the Government in the Al-Hassa Oasis have influenced the social and economic behavior of Al-Hassa farming community. The impact of these socio-economic changes on agricultural practices and water use have been evaluated in this study.A detailed questionnaire was prepared considering social attitude, standard of living, family structure, and occupation, and was distributed among the farmers of the Al-Omran area. Data thus collected were statistically evaluated. The study showed that literacy and social exposure were the major factors for the acceptability of modern agricultural practices in the oasis.  相似文献   

Interpretation of Gravity Anomalies with the Normalized Full Gradient (NFG) Method and an Example     

Ali Aydin 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(11):2329-2344

The Normalized Full Gradient (NFG) method which was put forward about 50 years ago has been used for downward continuation of gravity potential data, especially in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This method nullifies perturbations due to the passage of mass depth during downward continuation. The method depends on the downwards analytical continuation of normalized full gradient values of gravity data. Analytical continuation discriminates certain structural anomalies which cannot be distinguished in the observed gravity field. This method has been used in various petroleum and tectonic studies. The Trapeze method was used for the determination of Fourier coefficients during the application of this method. No other techniques for calculating these coefficients have been used. However, the Filon method was used for the determination of Fourier coefficients during the application of the NFG method in this work. This method, rather than the Trapeze method, should be preferred for indicating abnormal mass resources at the lower harmonics. In this study, the NFG method using the Filon method has been applied the first time to theoretical models of gravity profiles as example field at the Hasankale-Horasan petroleum exploration province where successful results were achieved. Hydrocarbon presence was shown on the NFG sections by the application of NFG downward continuation operations on theoretical models. Important signs of hydrocarbon structure on the NFG section for field and model data at low harmonics are obtained more effectively using this method.  相似文献   

Geotechnical properties of a chemically stabilized soil from Malaysia with rice husk ash as an additive   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

F. Haji Ali  A. Adnan  Chew Kam Choy 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1992,10(2):117-134

Summary The stabilization of Malaysian soil by mixing with rice husk ash, a locally available waste material, to improve its engineering properties is described. Stabilizing agents, i.e. cement and lime, were added to produce the reaction products which are responsible for the enhancement of the engineering properties. Based on the strength development, it seems that lime is the more effective stabilizing agent. However, the cheap waste material can be used as partial replacement for the more expensive cement in the cement-treatment of the soil. A durability study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of this stabilization method.  相似文献   

Palaeocurrents in Mesopotamian geosyncline     

Dr. Zdenek Kukal  Adnan Saadallah 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1970,59(2):666-686

Terrigenous sandstone formations of Mesopotamian geosyncline were investigated in order to reconstruct the palaeocurrents in the basin and to compare ancient and recent drainage systems. Direct and indirect methods were used; direct ones, as investigation of the dipping of cross bedding revealing directly the axis or direction of the currents, and indirect ones, as heavy mineral analyses, revealing the possible source areas.All the formations distributed in the southwestern flank of the geosyncline exhibit the palaeocurrents flowing from the southwest towards the northeast, i. e. towards the axis of the geosyncline. By contrast, all the formations distributed in the opposite flank of the geosyncline, exhibit also opposite current directions, i. e. from the northeast towards the southwest. This ancient current system resembles the recent situation; transversal basin filling from both sides towards the geosynclinal axis. In recent times oblong basin filling, executed by Twin rivers, Euphrates and Tigris, also takes place. They transport the material along the geosynclinal axis towards the remaining marine parts of the Mesopotamian geosyncline, represented by Persian Gulf.

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Zusammenfassung Terrigene sandige Ablagerungen der mesopotamischen Geosynklinale wurden untersucht, um die Paläoströmungen in den Sedimentationsbecken zu rekonstruieren. Es wurden direkte (Untersuchung der Strömungsschichtung) und indirekte Methoden (Schwermineral- und Geröllanalysen) angewendet.Alle Formationen, welche am südwestlichen Rand der Geosynklinale liegen, zeigen Paläoströmungsrichtungen von Südwesten nach Nordosten. Dagegen zeigen die nordöstlichen Formationen umgekehrte Richtungen von Nordosten nach Südwesten, senkrecht zur Geosynklinalachse. Beide Paläoströmungen sind sehr ähnlich dem heutigen Bild. So können wir auch heute eine Querfüllung des Geosynklinalbeckens beobachten. Außerdem tritt heute auch eine Längsfüllung der Geosynklinale durch Euphrat und Tigris auf. Diese Flüsse transportieren das Material entlang der Geosynklinalachse zur rezenten marinen Restgeosynklinale, die heute den Persischen Golf bildet.

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Résumé Les formations détritiques du géosynclinal Mésopotamique ont été étudiées en vue d'une réconstruction des paléocourants et d'une comparaison de la situation présente et ancienne. Des méthodes directes (études de la stratification croisée) et indirectes (études de minéraux lourds) ont été employées.Toutes les formations situées au bord sud-ouest du géosynclinal montrent des paléocourants dirigés du sud-ouest au nord-est. Au contraire, les formations du bord nord-est présentent la direction inverse. Les paléocourants ont toujours été dirigés perpendiculairement à l'axe du géosynclinal. Le système des paléocourants anciens ressemble au système contemporain. Le remplissage du bassin a toujours été transversal. Mais aujourd'hui le remplissage longitudinal existe aussi. Ce remplissage est effectué par les fleuves Euphrate et Tigre, qui transportent des matériaux détritiques dans le reste marin du géosynclinal Mésopotamique.

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Residual strength of slip zones of large landslides in the Three Gorges area, China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

B.P. Wen  A. Aydin  N.S. Duzgoren-Aydin  Y.R. Li  H.Y. Chen  S.D. Xiao 《Engineering Geology》2007,93(3-4):82-98

Slip zones of the large landslides in the Three Gorges area are commonly composed of fine-grained soils with substantial amount of coarse-grained particles, particularly gravel-sized particles. In this study, residual strength of the soils from slip zones of these landslides were examined in relation to their index properties based on a survey of 170 landslides. It was found that laboratory-determined residual friction angle using gravel-free fraction of the disturbed soils from the slip zones was closely related to clay content, liquid limit and plasticity index. On the other hand, in-situ residual friction angle of these soils (i.e. including gravel fraction) showed very weak correlations with clay content and Atterberg limits, but was largely dependent on gravel and fines (clays + silts) contents, increasing with gravels and decreasing with fines, and displayed strong linear correlation with the ratio of gravel to fines contents. These observations indicate that among the index properties, clay content and Atterberg limits can be used to estimate residual strength of the soils finer than 2 mm, but they are not appropriate evaluate the residual strength of the soils containing considerable amount of gravel-sized particles. For the latter, particle size distribution (particularly the ratio of gravel to fines contents) appears to be a useful index. Additionally, it was found that there was no identifiable correlation between relative abundance of individual major clay minerals and residual friction angles of both gravel-free fraction of disturbed and in-situ soils, suggesting that influence of clay minerals on residual strength of these soils can not be simply evaluated based on their abundance.  相似文献   

High latitude helical surge of May 22, 1989     

Adnan Ökten  Hikmet Çakmak 《Solar physics》1990,128(2):365-369

A helical surge (S 72, W 90) was recorded by a monochromatic filter at the University Observatory of Istanbul. It is a significient one at a very high latitude and without any center of activity. A sequence of the filtergrams showed some condensed points from which the motions of the plasma are traced. Different velocities were determined on each of the branches of the helical surge during its evolution. The surge reached its maximum height of 298 000 km and the maximum velocity of this upper region was 250 km s^–1.  相似文献   

Age, growth, and reproductive season of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the Marmara region, Turkey     

Ceyhan  Tevfik; Akyol  Okan; Ayaz  Adnan; Juanes  Francis 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2007,64(3):531-536

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Relative contributions of crust and mantle to generation of Campanian high-K calc-alkaline I-type granitoids in a subduction setting, with special reference to the Harşit Pluton, Eastern Turkey     

Orhan Karsli  Abdurrahman Dokuz  İbrahim Uysal  Faruk Aydin  Bin Chen  Raif Kandemir  Jan Wijbrans 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2010,160(4):467-487

We present elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data for the magmatic suite (~79 Ma) of the Harşit pluton, from the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), with the aim of determining its magma source and geodynamic evolution. The pluton comprises granite, granodiorite, tonalite and minor diorite (SiO₂ = 59.43–76.95 wt%), with only minor gabbroic diorite mafic microgranular enclaves in composition (SiO₂ = 54.95–56.32 wt%), and exhibits low Mg# (<46). All samples show a high-K calc-alkaline differentiation trend and I-type features. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns are fractionated [(La/Yb) _n  = 2.40–12.44] and display weak Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.30–0.76). The rocks are characterized by enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE. The Harşit host rocks have weak concave-upward REE patterns, suggesting that amphibole and garnet played a significant role in their generation during magma segregation. The host rocks and their enclaves are isotopically indistinguishable. Sr–Nd isotopic data for all of the samples display I _Sr = 0.70676–0.70708, ε _Nd(79 Ma) = −4.4 to −3.3, with T _DM = 1.09–1.36 Ga. The lead isotopic ratios are (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 18.79–18.87, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 15.59–15.61 and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 38.71–38.83. These geochemical data rule out pure crustal-derived magma genesis in a post-collision extensional stage and suggest mixed-origin magma generation in a subduction setting. The melting that generated these high-K granitoidic rocks may have resulted from the upper Cretaceous subduction of the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan oceanic slab beneath the Eurasian block in the region. The back-arc extensional events would have caused melting of the enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle and formed mafic magma. The underplating of the lower crust by mafic magmas would have played a significant role in the generation of high-K magma. Thus, a thermal anomaly induced by underplated basic magma into a hot crust would have caused partial melting in the lower part of the crust. In this scenario, the lithospheric mantle-derived basaltic melt first mixed with granitic magma of crustal origin at depth. Then, the melts, which subsequently underwent a fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation processes, could ascend to shallower crustal levels to generate a variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite. Sr–Nd isotope modeling shows that the generation of these magmas involved ~65–75% of the lower crustal-derived melt and ~25–35% of subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Further, geochemical data and the Ar–Ar plateau age on hornblende, combined with regional studies, imply that the Harşit pluton formed in a subduction setting and that the back-arc extensional period started by least ~79 Ma in the Eastern Pontides.  相似文献