On the coattails of climate? Opportunities and threats of a warming Earth for biodiversity conservation     

Shannon Hagerman  Rebecca Witter  Catherine Corson  Daniel Suarez  Edward M. Maclin  Maggie Bourque  Lisa Campbell 《Global Environmental Change》2012,22(3):724-735

The relationship between climate change and biodiversity was a central issue at the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP 10) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). In this paper we draw from participant observation data collected at COP 10, and related policy documentation, to examine how concerns about climate change are shaping the conservation policy landscape – in terms of the knowledge and rationales used as inputs, networks of actors involved, objectives sought, and actions proposed. We find that debates at the intersection of climate and biodiversity were overwhelmingly framed in relation to, or through the lens of carbon. Through a discussion of four core Climate-Motivated Responses, we illustrate how “carbon-logic”, and the initiatives that it generates, simultaneously creates threats to the objectives sought by some actors, and opportunities for the objectives sought by others. We situate our observations in the context of some of the historical dilemmas that have faced conservation, and discuss this current moment in the dynamic trajectory of conservation governance: a moment when decisions about conserving biodiversity are becoming entangled with carbon-logic and the market. In this case, while some actors seek opportunities for biodiversity ends by riding the coattails of the climate agenda, the threats of doing so may undermine the biological and social objectives of the CBD convention itself.  相似文献   

Amazonian magnetostratigraphy: Dating the first pulse of the Great American Faunal Interchange     

Kenneth E. Campbell  Donald R. Prothero  Lidia Romero-Pittman  Fritz Hertel  Nadia Rivera 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2010,29(3):619-626

The chronostratigraphy of the youngest Neogene deposits of the Amazon Basin, which comprise the Madre de Dios Formation in eastern Peru, remains unresolved. Although ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates on two volcanic ashes from this formation in Peru provide critical baseline data points, stratigraphic correlations among scattered riverine outcrops in adjacent drainage basins remain problematic. To refine the chronostratigraphy of the Madre de Dios Formation, we report here the magnetostratigraphy of an outcrop on the Madre de Dios River in southeastern Peru. A total of 18 polarity zones was obtained in the ～65-m-thick Cerro Colorado section, which we correlate to magnetozones Chrons C4Ar to C2An (9.5–3.0 Ma) based on the prior ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates. These results confirm the late Miocene age of a gomphothere recovered from the Ipururo Formation, which underlies the late Miocene Ucayali Unconformity at the base of the Cerro Colorado outcrop. The results also support earlier interpretations of a late Miocene age for other fossils of North American mammals recovered from basal conglomeratic deposits of the Madre de Dios Formation immediately above the Ucayali Unconformity. These mammals include other gomphotheres, peccaries, and tapirs, and their presence in South America in the late Miocene is recognized as part of the first pulse of the Great American Faunal Interchange.  相似文献   

Co-management of sea turtle fisheries: Biogeography versus geopolitics     

Lisa M. Campbell  Jennifer J. Silver  Noella J. Gray  Sue Ranger  Annette Broderick  Tatum Fisher  Matthew H. Godfrey  Shannon Gore  John Jeffers  Corrine Martin  Andrew McGowan  Peter Richardson  Carlos Sasso  Lorna Slade  Brendan Godley 《Marine Policy》2009

Co-management between local communities and government agencies is promoted as a strategy to improve fisheries management. This paper considers the potential for co-management of sea turtle fisheries within four UK Overseas Territories (OTs) in the Caribbean, and for co-ordinated management among those territories. We focus on fisher incentives for engaging in co-management and on the potential to scale up co-management to a regional level. This paper presents data from Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, and Turks and Caicos Islands, where 110 turtle fishers participated in a socio-economic survey undertaken as part of the ‘Turtles in the UK Overseas Territories in the Caribbean’ project. Based on three established criteria for co-management (perceived crisis in stock, willingness to participate and community cohesion), results suggest that fisher support for co-management exists within each OT, but the extent of support for and views of specific management interventions varies among OTs. The implications of results for co-management in each territory, and for establishing co-ordinated management regimes in the region, are discussed in the context of current debates about the nature of resources and scalar (mis)matches between resource and management regimes.  相似文献   

Measurement of dissolved oxygen using optodes in a FerryBox system   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

D.J. Hydes  M.C. Hartman  J. Kaiser  J.M. Campbell 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009,83(4):485-490

Optode sensors can provide detailed information on concentrations of dissolved oxygen, which in turn may be used to quantify variations in net primary productivity. Throughout 2005 and 2006 the performance of commercially available oxygen optodes was examined, one in each year. The optode was part of an autonomous measurement system (FerryBox) on a ferry operating between Portsmouth (UK) and Bilbao (Spain). On crossings during which water samples were collected manually, the optode outputs were compared to measurements of dissolved oxygen made by Winkler titrations. The optodes maintained good stability with no evidence of instrumental drift during the course of a year. Over the observed concentration range (230–330 mM m⁻³) the optode data were approximately 2% low in both years. By fitting the optode data to the Winkler data the median difference between the optode and Winkler measurements is reduced to less than 1 mM m⁻³ (0.3%) in both years. The most appropriate calibration factor for 2005 was corrected O₂ = Optode O₂ × 1.018 and for 2006 the corresponding equation is corrected O₂ = Optode O₂ × 0.884 + 36.8. The standard deviation (95%) of the difference between the individual Winkler measurements was 5 mM m⁻³ and 3 mM m⁻³ in 2005 and 2006 respectively.Calculation of the oxygen saturation anomaly is required for calculation of the air sea exchange of oxygen and net biological production. This calculation requires the use of both salinity and temperature data. Salinity is measured to better than 0.1 so the corresponding error in anomaly is less than 0.2 mM m⁻³. Distortion of the temperature data is present due to warming of the water pumped to the optode. In winter this warming at the optode may be as great as 0.4 °C. The difference in the pumped water temperature can be corrected for by reference to other measurements of sea surface temperature reducing the error to less than 1 mM m⁻³.  相似文献   

Effects of irradiance on benthic and water column processes in a Gulf of Mexico estuary: Pensacola Bay, Florida, USA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Michael C. Murrell  Jed G. Campbell  James D. Hagy III  Jane M. Caffrey 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009,81(4):501-512

We examined the effect of light on water column and benthic fluxes in the Pensacola Bay estuary, a river-dominated system in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Measurements were made during the summers of 2003 and 2004 on 16 dates distributed along depth and salinity gradients. Dissolved oxygen fluxes were measured on replicate sediment and water column samples exposed to a gradient of photosynthetically active radiation. Sediment inorganic nutrient (NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, PO₄³⁻) fluxes were measured. The response of dissolved oxygen fluxes to variation in light was fit to a photosynthesis–irradiance model and the parameter estimates were used to calculate daily integrated production in the water column and the benthos. The results suggest that shoal environments supported substantial benthic productivity, averaging 13.6 ± 4.7 mmol O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹, whereas channel environments supported low benthic productivity, averaging 0.5 ± 0.3 mmol O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹ (±SE). Estimates of baywide microphytobenthic productivity ranged from 8.1 to 16.5 mmol O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹, comprising about 16–32% of total system productivity. Benthic and water column dark respiration averaged 15.2 ± 3.2 and 33.6 ± 3.7 mmol O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively Inorganic nutrient fluxes were generally low compared to relevant estuarine literature values, and responded minimally to light exposure. Across all stations, nutrient fluxes from sediments to the water column averaged 1.11 ± 0.98 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ for NH₄⁺, 0.58 ± 1.08 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ for NO₃⁻, 0.01 ± 0.09 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ for PO₄³⁻. The results of this study illustrate how light reaching the sediments is an important modulator of benthic nutrient and oxygen dynamics in shallow estuarine systems.  相似文献   

Overwash sedimentation associated with a large-scale northeaster     

Stephen P. Leatherman  Allan T. Williams  John S. Fisher 《Marine Geology》1977,24(2):109-121

The December 1, 1974 northeaster was a significant event in terms of sediment transport with 20 m³ of sand per meter of dune breach being carried onto the backdune area of Assateague Island, Maryland as overwash. Previous investigators have reported larger transport rates for landfall hurricanes, but this is the largest amount recorded for a winter northeaster. The Ash Wednesday Storm, March 6–8, 1962, was a much larger event, but no quantitative data exists for overwash deposition.The resulting sedimentary deposit can be interpreted by defining sedimentation units. Inverse sediment grading was predominant, but normal grading occurred when the material was monomineralic and the unit totally depositional in nature. The timing of the storm surge was recorded in some sections as a distinctive heavy mineral enrichment in the sediment.  相似文献   

Modelling copepod development: current limitations and a new realistic approach     

Gentleman  W. C.; Neuheimer  A. B.; Campbell  R. G. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2008,65(3):399-413

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The Case for Flux‐Based Remedial Performance Monitoring Programs          下载免费PDF全文

Allan Horneman  Craig Divine  Theresa Sandtangelo‐Dreiling  Shannon Lloyd  Hunter Anderson  Michael B. Smith  John McCray 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2017,37(3):16-18

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Thinking outside the polygon: a study of tornado warning perception outside of warning polygon bounds     

Krocak  Makenzie J.  Ernst  Sean  Allan  Jinan N.  Wehde  Wesley  Ripberger  Joseph T.  Silva  Carol L.  Jenkins-Smith  Hank C. 《Natural Hazards》2020,102(3):1351-1368

When the National Weather Service (NWS) issues a tornado warning, the alert is rapidly and widely disseminated to individuals in the general area of the warning. Historically, the assumption has been that a false-negative warning perception (i.e., when someone located within a warning polygon does not believe they have received a tornado warning) carries a higher cost than a false-positive warning perception (i.e., when someone located outside the warning area believes they have received a warning). While many studies investigate tornado warning false alarms (i.e., when the NWS issues a tornado warning, but a tornado does not actually occur), less work focuses on studying individuals outside of the warning polygon bounds who believe they received a warning (i.e., false-positive perceptions). This work attempts to quantify the occurrence of false-positive perceptions and possible factors associated with the rate of occurrence. Following two separate storm events, Oklahomans were asked whether they perceived a tornado warning. Their geolocated responses were then compared to issued warning polygons. Individuals closer to tornado warnings or within a different type of warning (e.g., a severe thunderstorm warning) are more likely to report a false-positive perception than those farther away or outside of other hazard warnings. Further work is needed to understand the rate of false-positive perceptions across different hazards and how this may influence warning response and trust in the National Weather Service.

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A note on sand ripples developing in sandstone rock seepages of the Weald,UK     

Allan Pentecost 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1999,24(13):1257-1259

Ephemeral sand ripples are described from steep rock surfaces in the UK. They are unconsolidated or stabilized by algae and bryophytes. The sand is transported by flowing water to produce a semi-regular pattern of sinuous ripples averaging 6–8 mm apart and with a relief not exceeding 4 mm. The ripples may be initiated by the formation of a self-perpetuating capillary wave template. Sand grains accumulate on the template to form the fully developed ripples. Ultimately, gravitational forces or flooding lead to their destruction. Travertine rimstones may be initiated in the same manner. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献