Considerations on the Teaching and the Popularization of Cosmology     

Erik Stengler  Cristina Silvia Hansen Ruiz 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1998,263(1-4):405-408

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Traveltimes for infrasonic waves propagating in a stratified atmosphere   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Milton A. Garcés  Roger A. Hansen  & Kent G. Lindquist 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,135(1):255-263

The tau– p method of Buland & Chapman (1983) is reformulated for sound waves propagating in a stratified atmosphere under the influence of a height-dependent wind velocity profile. For a given launch angle along a specified azimuth, the ray parameter is redefined to include the influence of the horizontal wind component along the direction of wave propagation. Under the assumption of negligible horizontal wind shear, the horizontal wind component transverse to the ray propagation does not affect the direction of the wave normal, but displaces the reference frame of the moving wavefront, thus altering the observed incidence azimuth. Expressions are derived for the time, horizontal range, and transverse range of the arriving waves as a function of ray parameter. Algorithms for the location of infrasonic wave sources using the modified tau– p formulation in conjunction with regional atmospheric wind and temperature data are discussed.  相似文献   

云南保山盆地的形成与演化     

孙晗森  刘树根 《矿物岩石》1998,(Z1)

盆地中识别出三个不整合面,即Ｔｇ、Ｔ３和Ｔ０。其拉张史可分为两大阶段：（１）Ｔｇ→Ｔ３,拉张强度渐增期;（２）Ｔ３→现今,拉张强度渐弱期。保山盆地的演化阶段为：（１）盆地初始形成期（Ｔｇ→Ｔ５）;（２）盆地扩张定型期（Ｔ５→Ｔ１）;（３）盆地萎缩充填期（Ｔ１→现今）。  相似文献   

Seasonal Nitrogen Cycles on Pluto     

Candice J. Hansen  David A. Paige 《Icarus》1996,120(2):247-265

A thermal model, developed to predict seasonal nitrogen cycles on Triton, has been modified and applied to Pluto. The model was used to calculate the partitioning of nitrogen between surface frost deposits and the atmosphere, as a function of time for various sets of input parameters. Volatile transport was confirmed to have a significant effect on Pluto's climate as nitrogen moved around on a seasonal time scale between hemispheres, and sublimed into and condensed out of the atmosphere. Pluto's high obliquity was found to have a significant effect on the distribution of frost on its surface. Conditions that would lead to permanent polar caps on Triton were found to lead to permanent zonal frost bands on Pluto. In some instances, frost sublimed from the middle of a seasonal cap outward, resulting in a “polar bald spot”. Frost which was darker than the substrate did not satisfy observables on Pluto, in contrast to our findings for Triton. Bright frost (brighter than the substrate) came closer to matching observables. Atmospheric pressure varied seasonally. The amplitudes, and to a lesser extent the phase, of the variation depended significantly on frost and substrate properties. Atmospheric pressure was found to be determined both by Pluto's distance from the sun and by the subsolar latitude. In most cases two peaks in atmospheric pressure were observed annually: a greater one associated with the sublimation of the north polar cap just as Pluto receded from perihelion, and a lesser one associated with the sublimation of the south polar cap as Pluto approached perihelion. Our model predicted frost-free dark substrate surface temperatures in the 50 to 60 K range, while frost temperatures typically ranged between 30 to 40 K. Temporal changes in frost coverage illustrated by our results, and changes in the viewing geometry of Pluto from the Earth, may be important for interpretation of ground-based measurements of Pluto's thermal emission.  相似文献   

Seasonal Variation in the Covering ­Behaviour of the Echinoid Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck)     

Anne C. Crook  & David K. A. Barnes 《Marine Ecology》2001,22(3):231-239

Abstract. Covering behaviour is displayed by several regular echinoid species but its functional significance has yet to be quantified. Some of the most popular theories have interpreted this behaviour as an adaptive response to avoid over-exposure to light and/or as an anti-predator strategy. Since both predation pressure and light intensity may be seasonal as well as diurnal in nature, the aim of the present study was to quantitatively examine, in situ , the potential seasonality of covering behaviour in the purple sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck). Data were collected over a one-year period at Lough Hyne, Co. Cork in Ireland. A peak in covering activity was observed over the summer months. Predator density and light intensity (sunlight hours) were also shown to vary seasonally at Lough Hyne. Covering behaviour in P. lividus , as in other echinoids, may be a response to a number of simultaneously interacting factors. At Lough Hyne, however, light intensity and covering item availability appear to be particularly important factors.  相似文献   

Biochemical and histological responses in mussel (Mytilus edulis) exposed to North Sea oil and to a mixture of North Sea oil and alkylphenols     

N. Aarab  C. Minier  S. Lemaire  E. Unruh  P. -D. Hansen  B. K. Larsen  O. -K. Andersen  J. -F. Narbonne 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):437

Several environmental chemicals are suspected to be responsible for adverse health effects on the reproductive system in various organisms. During this work, environmentally relevant concentrations of North Sea oil were used alone or in combination with alkylphenols and additional PAH to study the effect on vitellogenin-like protein expression and gonadal development in mussels. North Sea oil (0.5 ppm) induced the expression of phospho-proteins in both sexes indicating that some compounds are oestrogen-mimics. This induction was not seen in samples dosed with the mixture but signs of toxic effects were observed in the gonads. Indeed, numerous degenerating ovarian follicles in females and foci, similar to vertebrate melanomacrophage centres, were observed in testes.  相似文献   

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in gulf of maine sediments: Distributions and mode of transport     

Peter F. Larsen  Donald F. Gadbois  Anne C. Johnson 《Marine environmental research》1986,18(4)

Sediments from 19 stations in the Gulf of Maine were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds in 1983. Thirteen of the compounds were distributed widely with total concentrations ranging from 10–512 ppb (dry wt). These values are an order of magnitude lower than those observed in the coastal zone but higher than those on Georges Bank. PAH concentration was directly related to grain size, total organic carbon (TOC) and distance from source. PAHs appear to be accumulating in Wilkinson and Jordan Basins but not in Georges Basin. Observed PAH distributions support the conclusion that the principal transport mechanism is through the atmosphere with localized augmentation by sediment resuspension and transport from coastal embayments.  相似文献   

Relationships between the frequency of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in wild salmon populations and fish farming activity in Norway, 1989-2004     

Fiske  Peder; Lund  Roar A.; Hansen  Lars P. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2006,63(7):1182-1189

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Accretionary processes in the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 27° N–30° N from TOBI side-scan sonar images     

Briais  Anne  Sloan  Heather  Parson  Lindsay M.  Murton  Bramley J. 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2000,21(1-2):87-119

We analyse TOBI side-scan sonar images collected during Charles Darwin cruise CD76 in the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) between 27°N and 30°N (Atlantis Transform Fault). Mosaics of the two side-scan sonar swaths provide a continuous image of the axial valley and the inner valley walls along more than six second-order segments of the MAR. Tectonic and volcanic analyses reveal a high-degree intra-segment and inter-segment variability. We distinguish three types of volcanic morphologies: hummocky volcanoes or volcanic ridges, smooth, flat-topped volcanoes, and lava flows. We observe that the variations in the tectonics from one segment to another are associated with variations in the distribution of the volcanic morphologies. Some segments have more smooth volcanoes near their ends and in the discontinuities than near their mid-point, and large, hummocky axial volcanic ridges. Their tectonic deformation is usually limited to the edges of the axial valley near the inner valley walls. Other segments have smooth volcanoes distributed along their length, small axial volcanic ridges, and their axial valley floor is affected by numerous faults and fissures. We propose a model of volcano-tectonic cycles in which smooth volcanoes and lava flows are built during phases of high magmatic flux. Hummocky volcanic ridges are constructed more progressively, by extraction of magma from pockets located preferentially beneath the centre of the segments, during phases of low magma input. These cycles might result from pulses in melt migration from the mantle. Melt arrival would lead to the rapid emplacement of smooth-textured volcanic terrains, and would leave magma pockets, mostly beneath the centre of the segments where most melt is produced. During the end of the volcanic cycle magma would be extracted from these reservoirs through dikes with a low magma pressure, building hummocky volcanic ridges at low effusion rates. In extreme cases, this volcanic phase would be followed by amagmatic extension until a new magma pulse arrives from the mantle.  相似文献   

Pacific Basin climate variability and patterns of Northeast Pacific marine fish production   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anne Babcock Hollowed  Steven R. Hare  Warren S. Wooster 《Progress in Oceanography》2001,49(1-4)

A review of oceanographic and climate data from the North Pacific and Bering Sea has revealed climate events that occur on two principal time scales: a) 2–7 years (i.e. El Niño Southern Oscillation, ENSO), and b) inter-decadal (i.e. Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO). The timing of ENSO events and of related oceanic changes at higher latitudes were examined. The frequency of ENSO was high in the 1980s. Evidence of ENSO forcing on ocean conditions in the North Pacific (Niño North conditions) showed ENSO events were more frequently observed along the West Coast than in the western Gulf of Alaska (GOA) and Eastern Bering Sea (EBS). Time series of catches for 30 region/species groups of salmon, and recruitment data for 29 groundfish and 5 non-salmonid pelagic species, were examined for evidence of a statistical relationship with any of the time scales associated with Niño North conditions or the PDO. Some flatfish stocks exhibited high autocorrelation in recruitment coupled with a significant step in recruitment in 1977 suggesting a relationship between PDO forcing and recruitment success. Five of the dominant gadid stocks (EBS and GOA Pacific cod, Pacific hake and EBS and GOA walleye pollock) exhibited low autocorrelation in recruitment. Of these, Pacific hake, GOA walleye pollock and GOA Pacific cod exhibited significantly higher incidence of strong year classes in years associated with Niño North conditions. These findings suggest that the PDO and ENSO may play an important role in governing year-class strength of several Northeast Pacific marine fish stocks.  相似文献