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排序方式: 共有277条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
71.
Christina L. Tague Shirley A. Papuga Cynthia Gerlein-Safdi Salli Dymond Ryan R. Morrison Elizabeth W. Boyer Diego Riveros-Iregui Elizabeth Agee Bhavna Arora Yannis G. Dialynas Amy Hansen Stefan Krause Sylvain Kuppel Steven P Loheide II Stanislaus J. Schymanski Samuel C Zipper 《水文研究》2020,34(7):1665-1673
72.
We propose a conceptual model that examines the ‘variable source area’ (VSA) and ‘nitrate flushing’ hypothesis in the vertical direction, and use this approach to explain nitrate concentration–discharge relationships in a semi-arid watershed. We use an eco-hydrology simulation model (RHESSys) to show that small changes in the vertical distribution of nitrate mass and their interaction with soil hydraulic conductivity can result in abrupt changes in the nitrate concentration–discharge relationship. We show that the estimated concentration–discharge relationship is sensitive to the parameters governing soil vertical nitrate distribution and soil hydraulic conductivity, at both patch scale and watershed scale, where lateral redistribution of water and nitrate is also accounted for. Given heterogeneity in nitrogen inputs, uptake processes, soil drainage and storage processes, substantial variation in parameters that describe rate of changes in vertical distribution of soil nitrate and hydraulic properties is likely both within and between watersheds. Thus, we argue that vertical ‘variable source area’ processes may be as important as lateral VSA in determining concentration discharge relationships. 相似文献
73.
Silvia Volante Amaury Pourteau William J. Collins Eleanore Blereau Zheng-Xiang Li Matthijs Smit Noreen J. Evans Adam R. Nordsvan Chris J. Spencer Brad J. McDonald Jiangyu Li Christina Günter 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2020,38(6):593-627
The final assembly of the Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Nuna was marked by the collision of Laurentia and Australia at 1.60 Ga, which is recorded in the Georgetown Inlier of NE Australia. Here, we decipher the metamorphic evolution of this final Nuna collisional event using petrostructural analysis, major and trace element compositions of key minerals, thermodynamic modelling, and multi-method geochronology. The Georgetown Inlier is characterised by deformed and metamorphosed 1.70–1.62 Ga sedimentary and mafic rocks, which were intruded by c. 1.56 Ga old S-type granites. Garnet Lu–Hf and monazite U–Pb isotopic analyses distinguish two major metamorphic events (M1 at c. 1.60 Ga and M2 at c. 1.55 Ga), which allows at least two composite fabrics to be identified at the regional scale—c. 1.60 Ga S1 (consisting in fabrics S1a and S1b) and c. 1.55 Ga S2 (including fabrics S2a and S2b). Also, three tectono-metamorphic domains are distinguished: (a) the western domain, with S1 defined by low-P (LP) greenschist facies assemblages; (b) the central domain, where S1 fabric is preserved as medium-P (MP) amphibolite facies relicts, and locally as inclusion trails in garnet wrapped by the regionally dominant low-P amphibolite facies S2 fabric; and (c) the eastern domain dominated by upper amphibolite to granulite facies S2 foliation. In the central domain, 1.60 Ga MP–medium-T (MT) metamorphism (M1) developed within the staurolite–garnet stability field, with conditions ranging from 530–550°C at 6–7 kbar (garnet cores) to 620–650°C at 8–9 kbar (garnet rims), and it is associated with S1 fabric. The onset of 1.55 Ga LP–high-T (HT) metamorphism (M2) is marked by replacement of staurolite by andalusite (M2a/D2a), which was subsequently pseudomorphed by sillimanite (M2b/D2b) where granite and migmatite are abundant. P–T conditions ranged from 600 to 680°C and 4–6 kbar for the M2b sillimanite stage. 1.60 Ga garnet relicts within the S2 foliation highlight the progressive obliteration of the S1 fabric by regional S2 in the central zone during peak M2 metamorphism. In the eastern migmatitic complex, partial melting of paragneiss and amphibolite occurred syn- to post- S2, at 730–770°C and 6–8 kbar, and at 750–790°C and 6 kbar, respectively. The pressure–temperature–deformation–time paths reconstructed for the Georgetown Inlier suggest a c. 1.60 Ga M1/D1 event recorded under greenschist facies conditions in the western domain and under medium-P and medium-T conditions in the central domain. This event was followed by the regional 1.56–1.54 Ga low-P and high-T phase (M2/D2), extensively recorded in the central and eastern domains. Decompression between these two metamorphic events is ascribed to an episode of exhumation. The two-stage evolution supports the previous hypothesis that the Georgetown Inlier preserves continental collisional and subsequent thermal perturbation associated with granite emplacement. 相似文献
74.
Charles A. Ogunbode Gisela Böhm Stuart B. Capstick Christina Demski Alexa Spence Nicole Tausch 《Climate Policy》2019,19(6):703-715
Climate change is projected to increase the frequency, intensity and unpredictability of extreme weather events across the globe and these events are likely to have significant mental health implications. The mental health literature broadly characterises negative emotional reactions to extreme weather experiences as undesirable impacts on wellbeing. Yet, other research in psychology suggests that negative emotional responses to extreme weather are an important motivation for personal action on climate change. This article addresses the intersection of mental health and functional perspectives on negative emotions, with a specific focus on the potential that reduced negative emotional responses to extreme weather may also translate to diminished motivation to undertake climate change mitigation actions – which we term the ‘resilience paradox’. Using survey data gathered in the aftermath of severe flooding across the UK in winter 2013/2014, we present new evidence indicating that self-appraised coping ability moderates the link between flooding experience and negative emotions and thereby attenuates the indirect link between flooding experience and climate change mitigation intentions. We conclude that support for flood victims should extend beyond addressing emotional, physical and financial stresses to include acknowledgement of the involvement of climate change and communication of the need for action to combat future climate risks.
Key policy insights
Psychological resilience to flooding and other extreme weather events can translate to diminished motivation to mitigate climate change
Negative emotional reactions need to occur at an optimal level to enable people to respond appropriately to climate risks.
Flood victims’ subjective appraisal of their ability to cope does not necessarily encompass consideration of the role played by climate change. Therefore, support for victims of extreme weather should include explicit acknowledgement of the involvement of climate change and the need for action to mitigate future climate risks.
75.
Roland Schmidt Christian Kamenik Christina Kaiblinger Markus Hetzel 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2004,32(2):177-196
Diatom abundances in the surface sediment samples of 41 mountain lakes in the central Austrian Alps (Niedere Tauern) were related to environmental variables using multi-variate techniques. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that the pH, date of autumn mixing (A
mix), mean August water temperature (T
Aug), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and relative water depth (Z
rel) made significant contributions to explain the diatom assemblage variation in the lakes of the training set. A weighted averaging partial least square regression and calibration model was used to establish Di-pH (R
2
boot= 0.72, RMSEPboot= 0.131), and a thermistor measurements-based PLS model for A
mix (R
2
boot= 0.71, RMSEPboot= 0.006 log10 Julian days). The latter showed a better prediction than T
Aug, and was used in terms of climate change. These transfer functions, together with analyses of loss on ignition (LOI), the total carbon/nitrogen (C/N)-ratios, and selected pollen, were applied to an early to mid-Holocene (11.5–4 cal. ky BP) sediment core section from an Austrian Alpine treeline lake on crystalline bedrock. Additionally, passive sample scores in the CCA of the diatom training set were used to show trends in the variables DOC and Z
rel. During the early Holocene, diatoms indicative of increased pH, extended warm summers, and low water levels dominated. Between 10.2 and 7.6 cal. ky BP it was followed by diatom assemblages that indicated an increase in lake water depth and an earlier A
mix. The multi-proxy data suggest that the A
mix decline is the result of a series of snow-rich summer cool and wet climate fluctuations, which were divided by climate warming at ∼9 cal. ky BP. Increased A
mix, LOI and DOC, and the correspondent decline in the C/N-ratios, show subsequent climate warming between 7.3 and 6 cal. ky BP. The long-term trend in Di-pH indicates the impact of catchment-related processes during the early-Holocene, that were superimposed by climate. 相似文献
76.
Coupling of early diagenetic processes and sedimentary dynamics in tropical shelf environments: the Gulf of Papua deltaic complex 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Robert. C. Aller Angelos Hannides Christina Heilbrun Caterina Panzeca. 《Continental Shelf Research》2004,24(19):2455
Tropical mobile mud belts represent a major class of biogeochemical and diagenetic systems characterized by extensive and frequent physical reworking of fine-grained, organic-rich deposits underlying oxygenated waters. Large regions of the Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea deltaic complex are dominated by such conditions. A reworked mud belt lies within the inner shelf between 10 and 20 m depth on a sedimentary clinoform derived from coalescing deltas. Deposits across the topset are typically suboxic, nonsulfidic over the upper 0.5–1 m, and have low to moderate maximum pore water concentrations of dissolved Fe(II) and Mn(II) (100–200, but up to 800 μM). Sediments are reactive, with surficial ΣCO2 production 0.1–0.3 mM d−1 and benthic O2 fluxes 23±15 mmol m−2 d−1 (upper 20 cm). The highest rates occur within inner topset deposits (10–20 m) and near the high accumulation rollover region of the topset–foreset beds (40–50 m). Lower rates are found inshore along intertidal channels—mangrove fringe and within scoured or exposed consolidated deposits of the middle topset region. Remineralization rate patterns are independent of relative dominance by terrestrial or marine carbon in sediments. Dissolved O2 usually penetrates 2–5 mm into surface sediments when macrofaunal burrows are absent. More than 75% of the highly reactive sedimentary Fe(III) pool (350–400 μmol g−1) is typically diagenetically reduced in the upper 0.5 m. Pore water can be measureably depleted at depths >0.5 m, but dissolved H2S generally remains below detection over the upper 1–2 m. As in other deltaic topset regions, concentration gradients often indicate that compared to many marine deposits of similar sediment accumulation rates, relatively refractory Corg is supplied to the SO4 reducing zone. Sedimentary C/S ratios are 4–6 within the suboxic topset regions but decrease to <3 in offshore foreset beds where sulfidic diagenesis dominates. Only 15–20% of the diagenetically reduced Fe(II) is pyritic and a maximum of 10–25% is carbonate, implying that most Fe(II) is associated with authigenic or lithogenic silicates or oxides. The dominance of suboxic, nonsulfidic diagenetic processes reflect coupling between delivery of oxide-rich terrestrial debris, remobilization and reoxidation of deposits, and repetitive entrainment/remineralization of both labile and refractory organics. Distinct sedimentary indicators of reactive, suboxic mobile mud belts within tropical climatic zones are: abundant total highly reactive Fe (ΣFeR )>300 μmol g−1; most reactive Fe is diagenetically reduced (ΣFe(II)/ΣFeR0.7–0.8); the proportion of diagenetically reduced Fe present as pyrite is low (Py–Fe(II)<0.2); C/S 4–8; and Corg/particle surface area <0.4 (mg C m−2). These depositional environments must be most common in tropical climates during high sea stand. 相似文献
77.
Environmental models constructed with a spatial domain require choices about the representation of space. Decisions in the adaptation of a spatial data model can have significant consequences on the ability to predict environmental function as a result of changes to levels of aggregation of input parameters and scaling issues in the processes being modelled. In some cases, it is possible to construct a systematic framework to evaluate the uncertainty in predictions using different spatial models; in other cases, the realm of possibilities plus the complexity of the environmental model in question may inhibit numeric uncertainty estimates. We demonstrate a range of potential spatial data models to parameterize a landscape‐level hydroecological model (RHESSys). The effects of data model choice are illustrated, both in terms of input parameter distributions and resulting ecophysiological predictions. Predicted productivity varied widely, as a function of both the number of modelling units, and of arbitrary decisions such as the origin of a raster grid. It is therefore important to use as much information about the modelled environment as possible. Combinations of adaptive methods to evaluate distributions of input data, plus knowledge of dominant controls of ecosystem processes, can help evaluate potential representations. In this case, variance‐based delineation of vegetation patches is shown to improve the ability to intelligently choose a patch distribution that minimizes the number of patches, while maintaining a degree of aggregation that does not overly bias the predictions. 相似文献
78.
The Vaikijaur Cu–Au–(Mo) deposit is located in the ca. 1.88 Ga calc-alkaline Jokkmokk granitoid near the Archaean–Proterozoic
palaeoboundary within the Fennoscandian shield of northern Sweden. The Skellefte VMS district lies immediately to the south
and the northern Norrbotten Fe-oxide–Cu–Au deposits to the north. The Vaikijaur deposit occupies an area of 2×3 km within
the Jokkmokk granitoid and includes stockwork quartz-sulphide veinlets and disseminated chalcopyrite, pyrite, gold, molybdenite,
magnetite, and pyrrhotite. Porphyritic mafic dykes were emplaced along fractures in a ring dyke pattern. The Jokkmokk granitoid,
dykes, and the mineralized area are foliated, indicating that mineralization predated the main regional deformation. The mineralized
area is characterized by strong potassic alteration. Phyllic and propylitic alteration zones are also present. A pyrite-rich
inner core is surrounded by a concentric zone with pyrite, chalcopyrite, and gold. Molybdenite is distributed irregularly
throughout the chalcopyrite zone. Geophysical data indicate a strongly conductive central zone in the mineralized area bordered
by conductive and high magnetic zones. Five high precision Re–Os age determinations for three molybdenite occurrences from
outcrop and drill core samples constrain the age of porphyry-style Cu–Au–(Mo) mineralization to between 1889±10 and 1868±6 Ma.
A younger molybdenite is associated with a much later metamorphic event at about 1750 Ma. These data suggest that primary
porphyry-style mineralization was associated with calc-alkaline magmatism within the Archaean–Proterozoic boundary zone at
ca. 1.89–1.87 Ga. 相似文献
79.
Ute Christina Herzfeld 《Mathematical Geosciences》1996,28(2):137-160
In 1963, Gandin published a monograph on “optimum interpolation for the objective analysis of meteorological fields, ? a method that is similar mathematically to geodetical least-squares prediction and collocation, simple kriging, and spectral interpolation. The common problem is the interpolation or extrapolation or estimation of a continuous spatial property from finitely many observations. Gandin 's method is presented in an inverse-theoretical context with focus on a methodological comparison with related methods. Underlying mathematical assumptions as well as geological implications are discussed. An introductory overview of inverse methods in the earth sciences is given, with emphasis on methods with a structure analysis step. 相似文献
80.
The Aitik Cu–Au–Ag deposit is located in northern Sweden and is hosted by strongly deformed 1.9 Ga Svecofennian volcano-sedimentary rocks. The main copper mineralization, which occurs as disseminations and veinlets, is hosted by garnet–biotite schist. Subeconomic mineralization in the footwall to the ore is hosted by feldspar–biotite–amphibole gneiss and porphyritic quartz monzodiorite. The deposit has been affected by post-mineralization metamorphic and igneous activity. Fluid inclusions in six samples of copper-mineralized quartz veins record the presence of three different fluid populations. The main ore was deposited from an aqueous, highly saline (31–37 eq. wt% NaCl + CaCl2) fluid. This fluid was trapped in inclusions intimately associated with the main chalcopyrite mineralization. Later bornite deposition took place from a less saline (18–27 eq. wt% NaCl + CaCl2), aqueous fluid. A third fluid composed of almost pure CO2, interacted with the copper-rich system during a post-ore event. The Aitik Cu–Au–Ag deposit shares some features with both porphyry-type and Fe-oxide–Cu–Au deposits. A high calcium content of the ore fluids, similar to other Cu–Au deposits in northern Scandinavia, suggests a contribution to the salinity of the mainly magmatic-hydrothermal fluids from evaporitic rocks in stratigraphically lower units. 相似文献