Two North Sea policies : Danish and Norwegian attitudes compared     

Clive Archer 《Marine Policy》1977,1(4):289-300

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Reply to "reservoir timescales for anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere: commentary"     

O'Neill BC  Gaffin SR  Oppenheimer M 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》1996,48(5):707-709

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Environmental Stewardship in UK agriculture: A comparison of the environmentally sensitive area programme and the Countryside Stewardship Scheme in South East England   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Matt Lobley  Clive Potter 《Geoforum》1998,29(4):413-432

Research into the adoption of Environmental Land Management Schemes (ELMS) has typically sought to identify the defining characteristics of participants and the ‘barriers to entry’ that dissuade others from joining. More recently, attention has focused on the motivation of participants and non-participants in helping to understand patterns of participation. This paper compares the pattern of participation in two distinct schemes operating in South East England. Indirect evidence suggests that scheme design and implementation is influencing the type of farmer joining and their motivation for doing so. Results from a survey of farmers also support the idea that the schemes are recruiting from different sections of the farming community. ESA farmers are largely motivated by financial gain, whereas those enrolling land in the Countryside Stewardship Scheme have more clearly defined conservation motives. Although there is also a ‘core’ of resistant non-participants, further changes to the design and delivery of policy could encourage a large number of ‘potential enrolers’ to join.  相似文献   

Mortality in England during the 1783–4 Laki Craters eruption     

C.?S.?WithamEmail author  C.?Oppenheimer 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2004,67(1):15-26

1783/4 has been recognised as a mortality crisis year in the population history of England. This demographic incident coincides with the Laki Craters eruption, Iceland, which began in June 1783 and fumigated many parts of Europe with volcanic gases and particles. Many reports and proxy climate records implicate the volcanic cloud in meteorological anomalies, including notably hot 1783 summer conditions in England and a severe subsequent winter. We present here a detailed analysis of the geographical and temporal trends in English mortality data, and interpret them in the light of the climatological records and observations of the pollutant cloud. We show that there were two distinct crisis periods: in August-September 1783, and January-February 1784, which together accounted for ~20,000 extra deaths. In both cases, the East of England was the worst affected region. Possible causes for the two crisis periods are considered and we conclude that the timing and magnitude of the winter mortality peak can be explained by the severe cold of January 1784. The late summer mortality followed 1–2 months after the very hot July of 1783 and may also have been related to the weather, with the time lag reflecting the relatively slow spread of enteric disease or the contraction of malaria. However, it is hard to explain the entire late summer anomaly by these high temperature causes. We therefore consider that fine acid aerosol and/or gases in the volcanic haze may also have contributed to the unusual August-September mortality. Given that complex radiative and dynamical effects of the volcanic cloud are implicated in the climatic anomalies in 1783–4, it is likely that the Laki Craters eruption did play a role in the English mortality crises of the same period.Editorial responsibility: R. Cioni  相似文献   

Infrared and Raman spectra of lunar samples from Apollo 11, 12 and 14     

Clive H. Perry  D. K. Agrawal  E. Anastassakis  R. P. Lowndes  A. Rastogi  N. E. Tornberg 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1972,4(3-4):315-336

We report the room temperature infrared reflectance spectra of several lunar surface rocks in the form of polished slices or butt ends. The spectra were obtained over the frequency range 20-2000 cm^–1 throughout the mid and far infrared (5-500µ) region of the electromagnetic spectrum where the fundamental internal and lattice vibrational modes of all minerals and rocks occur.Some fines samples were examined as pressed pellets and their reflectivities compared with the bulk samples. Several terrestrial minerals and rocks were also investigated. Kramers-Kronig analyses of these reflectance spectra were undertaken and the dispersion of the dielectric response ( and ) and the optical constants (n andk) have been determined over this frequency range. The low frequency and high frequency (infrared) dielectric constants were also calculated from the reflectance data.Raman light scattering measurements were made on all the samples supplied from the first three Apollo missions. Large background scattering proved to be the greatest experimental problem. Successful spectra in nearly all cases were obtained from small crystalline inclusions imbedded in the main ground mass. Some crystalline bulk rocks containing many very fine inclusions gave identifiable spectra and at least three different types were obtained.Supported by NASA Grant NGR 22-011-069 and by a Northeastern University Grant for Basic Research.  相似文献   

Buoy measured wind, wind stress and wind stress curl over the shelf off Bodega Bay, California     

Clive E. Dorman  Edward P. Dever  John Largier  Darko Kora in 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2006,53(25-26):2850

An array of five buoys and three coastal stations is used to characterize the winds, stress, and curl of the wind stress over the shelf off Bodega Bay, California. The wind and wind stress are strong and persistent in the summer and weak in the winter. In the summer, wind and stress decrease strongly across the shelf, toward the coast. Combinations of buoys are used to compute the curl of the wind stress over different portions of the shelf. The mean summer 2001 curl of the wind stress over the array depends upon the area selected, varying between −1.32×10⁻⁶ and +7.80×10⁻⁶ Pa m⁻¹. The winter 2002 wind-stress curl also depends on location, varying from −2.06×10⁻⁶ to +2.78×10⁻⁶ Pa m⁻¹. Mean monthly curl of the wind stress is a maximum in the summer and a minimum near zero in the winter. In both the summer and the winter, the correlation between the wind-stress curl for different portions of the shelf varies between moderate negative, though insignificance, to high positive. A wind measurement at a single point can be poorly related to the measured curl of the wind stress at other locations over the shelf. The measurements show that the use of one wind measurement to characterize the curl of the wind stress over the shelf without further investigation of the local wind-stress curl structure is risky.  相似文献   

The Eldgjá eruption: timing,long-range impacts and influence on the Christianisation of Iceland     

Clive Oppenheimer  Andy Orchard  Markus Stoffel  Timothy P. Newfield  Sébastien Guillet  Christophe Corona  Michael Sigl  Nicola Di Cosmo  Ulf Büntgen 《Climatic change》2018,147(3-4):369-381

The Eldgjá lava flood is considered Iceland’s largest volcanic eruption of the Common Era. While it is well established that it occurred after the Settlement of Iceland (circa 874 CE), the date of this great event has remained uncertain. This has hampered investigation of the eruption’s impacts, if any, on climate and society. Here, we use high-temporal resolution glaciochemical records from Greenland to show that the eruption began in spring 939 CE and continued, at least episodically, until at least autumn 940 CE. Contemporary chronicles identify the spread of a remarkable haze in 939 CE, and tree ring-based reconstructions reveal pronounced northern hemisphere summer cooling in 940 CE, consistent with the eruption’s high yield of sulphur to the atmosphere. Consecutive severe winters and privations may also be associated with climatic effects of the volcanic aerosol veil. Iceland’s formal conversion to Christianity dates to 999/1000 CE, within two generations or so of the Eldgjá eruption. The end of the pagan pantheon is foretold in Iceland’s renowned medieval poem, V?luspá (‘the prophecy of the seeress’). Several lines of the poem describe dramatic eruptive activity and attendant meteorological effects in an allusion to the fiery terminus of the pagan gods. We suggest that they draw on first-hand experiences of the Eldgjá eruption and that this retrospection of harrowing volcanic events in the poem was intentional, with the purpose of stimulating Iceland’s Christianisation over the latter half of the tenth century.  相似文献   

High‐frequency precipitation and stream water quality time series from Plynlimon,Wales: an openly accessible data resource spanning the periodic table     

Colin Neal  Brian Reynolds  James W. Kirchner  Phil Rowland  Dave Norris  Darren Sleep  Alan Lawlor  Clive Woods  Sarah Thacker  Hayley Guyatt  Colin Vincent  Kathryn Lehto  Simon Grant  Jeremy Williams  Margaret Neal  Heather Wickham  Sarah Harman  Linda Armstrong 《水文研究》2013,27(17):2531-2539

This scientific briefing announces the availability of a new multi‐element high‐frequency water quality data set that is openly accessible to the research community. The data set comprises up to 2 years of 7‐hourly water quality data for two streams and one rainfall site in the Upper Severn catchment at Plynlimon in Mid‐Wales. The measurements cover 50 analytes ranging from H⁺ to U and spanning six orders of magnitude in concentration, including major, minor and trace elements as well as nutrients, and they complement decades of weekly measurements of the same analytes at the Upper Severn. Together, the weekly and 7‐hourly time series provide a unique data set for studying both long‐term trends and short‐term dynamics. The data show complex behaviour over a wide range of timescales, challenging our understanding of catchment processes and informing future modelling efforts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

New editorial structure, manuscript requirements, and publication times     

Michael Oppenheimer  Gary Yohe 《Climatic change》2010,103(1-2):1-2

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From young massive star cluster to old globular: the  L_V–σ₀  relationship as a diagnostic tool     

Richard de Grijs †  Mark I. Wilkinson  Clive N. Tadhunter 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,361(1):311-329

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