Field calibration of a formula for entrance mixing of river inflows to lakes: Lake Taupo,North Island,New Zealand     

Robert H. Spigel  Clive Howard‐Williams  Max Gibbs  Scott Stephens  Barry Waugh 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):785-802

Field measurements were used to validate predictions for the initial dilution of negatively buoyant, cold‐water inflows to Lake Taupo, as part of a study to quantify mixing processes associated with the two largest inflows to the lake. The predictions were made using a formulation originally derived for positively buoyant, warm‐water inflows to cooling ponds. The formulation predicts the total dilution of an inflow during its inertia‐dominated phase between its entrance to the lake and the point where buoyancy forces are great enough to cause the inflow to plunge and form a submerged density current. In one of the measured inflows, the inflowing jet was free to entrain from both sides; in the other, entrainment was restricted on one side by attachment of the inflowing jet to the shoreline of a bay just upstream of the plunge point. In the former example, the unmodified coefficients from the cooling pond formulation provided an excellent prediction of initial dilution. In the latter example, entrainment was reduced and different coefficients were derived. In both examples the inflows remained attached to the lake bed throughout their course until their liftoff at depths of 45–55 m to form interflows. The difference between coefficients for the two inflows indicates that the coefficient values should be considered site‐specific. The formulation is not valid for inflows that separate from the bottom of the inflow channel before plunging. The entrance mixing formulation was incorporated in a more general model of lake stratification, DYRESM, which already includes a well‐documented routine for routing underflows down submerged channels on the bed of a lake. Application of the model to the inflows measured in Lake Taupo gave good results for two model outputs that were not involved in the calibration of the entrance mixing formulation, but that are affected by the result of the initial dilution calculation—the temperatures in the river plume after it has plunged, and the insertion depth.  相似文献   

Hydrogen emissions from Erebus volcano, Antarctica     

Yves Moussallam  Clive Oppenheimer  Alessandro Aiuppa  Gaetano Giudice  Manuel Moussallam  Philip Kyle 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(9):2109-2120

The continuous measurement of molecular hydrogen (H₂) emissions from passively degassing volcanoes has recently been made possible using a new generation of low-cost electrochemical sensors. We have used such sensors to measure H₂, along with SO₂, H₂O and CO₂, in the gas and aerosol plume emitted from the phonolite lava lake at Erebus volcano, Antarctica. The measurements were made at the crater rim between December 2010 and January 2011. Combined with measurements of the long-term SO₂ emission rate for Erebus, they indicate a characteristic H₂ flux of 0.03?kg s^–1 (2.8?Mg? day^–1). The observed H₂ content in the plume is consistent with previous estimates of redox conditions in the lava lake inferred from mineral compositions and the observed CO₂/CO ratio in the gas plume (～0.9 log units below the quartz–fayalite–magnetite buffer). These measurements suggest that H₂ does not combust at the surface of the lake, and that H₂ is kinetically inert in the gas/aerosol plume, retaining the signature of the high-temperature chemical equilibrium reached in the lava lake. We also observe a cyclical variation in the H₂/SO₂ ratio with a period of ～10?min. These cycles correspond to oscillatory patterns of surface motion of the lava lake that have been interpreted as signs of a pulsatory magma supply at the top of the magmatic conduit.  相似文献   

Darkness on the Edge of Town: Mapping Urban and Peri-Urban Australia Using Nighttime Satellite Imagery   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Paul C. Sutton  Andrew R. Goetz  Stephen Fildes  Clive Forster  Tilottama Ghosh 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(1):119-133

This article explores the use of nighttime satellite imagery for mapping urban and peri-urban areas of Australia. A population-weighted measure of urban sprawl is used to characterize relative levels of sprawl for Australia's urban areas. In addition, the expansive areas of low light surrounding most major metropolitan areas are used to map the urban–bush interface of exurban land use. Our findings suggest that 82 percent of the Australian population lives in urban areas, 15 percent live in peri-urban or exurban areas, and 3 percent live in rural areas. This represents a significantly more concentrated human settlement pattern than presently exists in the United States.  相似文献   

S. H. Schneider, A. Rosencranz, M. D. Mastrandrea, K. Kuntz-Duriseti, Climate Change Science and Policy     

Michael Oppenheimer 《Climatic change》2011,105(3-4):625-626

  相似文献   

Is irrigated agriculture in the Murray Darling Basin well prepared to deal with reductions in water availability?   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yongping WeiJohn Langford  Ian R. WillettSnow Barlow  Clive Lyle 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(3):906-916

The “Big Dry”, a prolonged dry period in Australia from 1997 to 2009, dried out much of the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) and resulted in large agricultural losses and degraded river ecosystems. Climate projections are that dry conditions in the MDB are likely to be more regular and severe than ever before, and recent policy initiatives are likely to reduce consumptive water use and redirect water to ecosystem management. This paper aims to develop an understanding of the interactions between water policy and irrigation practices by deriving lessons from drought management in irrigated agriculture of the MDB during the Big Dry, and furthermore, to draw out lessons to enhance the preparedness of irrigated agriculture for a future drier climate and reduced water availability. Reviews of irrigation farmers’ practices, attitudes and capacity to manage during prolonged droughts in the MDB, and the evolution of agricultural water policy in Australia since 1990 were made. It is clear that farmers could be better prepared to deal with a drier climate if their water management practices, e.g. irrigation methods and soil moisture measuring tools are improved, if the impediments to the uncertainty of water allocation and low water availability could be overcome, and if well-targeted research and extension could assist farmers to use water more wisely. It is also clear that Australian water policy could be better prepared in terms of assisting irrigated agriculture to deal with a drier climate. Key areas are reduction of barriers and distortions to water trading, optimizing the environmental water allocation, and seeking mutual benefits between environmental water allocation and irrigated agriculture, improvement of the cost-effectiveness of investments in water supply infrastructure, facilitating carryover and capacity sharing at larger scales, and provision of accurate, accessible and useful water information at different scales. An approach to irrigation practice and water policy is proposed based on past experience and potential opportunities. The approach is a set of linked strategies for more robust agricultural production and a more sustainable environment under a drier climate and reduced water availability.  相似文献   

Choppy waters ahead in “a sea of peace cooperation and friendship”?: Slow progress towards the application of maritime joint development to the East China Sea     

Clive H. Schofield  Ian Townsend-Gault 《Marine Policy》2011

China and Japan’s June 2008 agreement in principle on maritime cooperation in the East China Sea raised hopes of a significant breakthrough in the parties' complex and long-standing disputes in the area. Subsequent progress towards the realisation of a legally binding, formal treaty on, for example, offshore petroleum joint development has been slow to materialise. In fact, the area under dispute appears to have become more rather than less extensive. This paper examines competing maritime and sovereignty claims in the East China Sea together with progress towards maritime cooperation in the context of overlapping jurisdictional claims. The paper identifies some of the key challenges that need to be overcome in realizing a functioning joint resource management regime in the East China Sea.  相似文献   

A coronagraphic search for brown dwarfs and planets around nearby stars     

T. Nakajima  J.‐I. Morino  T. Tsuji  H. Suto  M. Ishii  M. Tamura  M. Fukagawa  K. Murakawa  S. Miyama  H. Takami  N. Takato  S. Oya  S. Hayashi  T. Kudo  Y. Itoh  Y. Oasa  B. R. Oppenheimer 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2005,326(10):952-957

  相似文献   

Determination of the REE in Geological Reference Materials DTS-1 (Dunite) and PCC-1 (Peridotite) by Ultrasonic and Microconcentric Desolvating Nebulisation ICP-MS     

Jinesh C. Jain  M. Paul Field  Clive R. Neal  James C. Ely  Robert M. Sherrell 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2000,24(1):65-72

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is well suited for the precise, accurate and rapid determination of rare earth elements in most geological samples. However, determination of rare earth elements in certain mantle-derived materials, without applying preconcentration techniques, remains problematical due to low natural concentrations (generally < 1 ng g⁻¹). Consequently, USGS reference materials DTS-1 (a dunite) and PCC-1 (a partially serpentinized harzburgite) have only suggested rather than recommended values for the rare earth elements in reference material compilations. We compared results obtained using two ICP-MS instruments: a U-5000AT ultrasonic nebuliser coupled to a PQ2+ quadrupole ICP-MS and an ELEMENT sector field ICP-MS equipped with a MCN-6000 microconcentric desolvating nebuliser, with the suggested literature values for these two reference materials. Precision and accuracy of analytical methods employed by both instruments were demonstrated by excellent relative standard deviations (< 2%) and inter-laboratory agreement (< 5%) for numerous analyses of BHVO-1 and BIR-1, which are well established with rare earth elements contents at the μg g⁻¹ level. Repeat analyses of DTS-1 and PCC-1 at each laboratory indicate that each method is generally precise to better than 5% at sub-g g⁻¹ levels. Furthermore, values from both instruments generally agree to within 10%. Our DTS-1 and PCC-1 values agree reasonably well with selected data reported in the literature (except for Ce and Sm in DTS-1) but exhibit poorer agreement with reported compilation values. With the demonstrated level of precision and accuracy, we contend that these new values for DTS-1 and PCC-1, generated by two different instruments, are the best estimates of the true whole-rock composition of these samples reported to date.  相似文献   

BiSON performance     

William J. Chaplin  Yvonne Elsworh  Rachel Howe  George R. Isaak  Clive P. McLeod  Brek A. Miller  H. B. Van Der Raay  Sarah J. Wheeler  Roger New 《Solar physics》1996,168(1):1-18

Since 1981 we have been operating the Birmingham Solar-Oscillations Network (BiSON), a global network of resonant-scattering spectrometers, observing the low-l solar p modes. Here we discuss historical developments, culminating in the establishment of a 6-station network in 1992 September, and the subsequent performance of that network. The data record of each station from 1992 to 1994 has been analysed in terms of weather and equipment breakdowns. Our early experience suggests that the best long-term coverage possible with a 6-station network is limited in practice to about 80%, which falls short of previous predictions.  相似文献   

The complex narrow line region in NGC 4151     

Enrique Pérez  Rosa M. González-Delgado  Clive Tadhunter  Zlatan Tsvetanov 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1990,171(1-2):71-75

We present new narrow band images of NGC 4151, taken in excellent seeing conditions with the 4.2-m William Herschel Telescope on La Palma. These reveal a wealth of detail that can be used to test models for the anisotropy of the narrow-line region.Paper presented at the 11th European Regional Astronomical Meetings of the IAU on New Windows to the Universe, held 3–8 July, 1989, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.  相似文献