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31.
Y. Ali G. Sarwar Z. Aslam F. Hussain T. Rafique 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2005,2(1):27-33
Thirteen genotypes of rice comprising of approved varieties and elite candidate lines were studied at three different water regimes by supplying 12, 8 and 4 numbers of irrigations at different intervals/ stages. The experiment was conducted at NIAB Farm Faisalabad, Pakistan on a clay loam soil applying normal doses of N and P fertilizers during 2002–2003 keeping varieties in the main plot while treatments in sub plot. The data for twelve morphological characters i.e. days to flower, days to mature, plant height, panicle length, number of productive tillers, number of primary and secondary branches, 1000 grain weight, sterile grains per spike, number of total grains per spike, fertility percentage, grain yield were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared following DMR test. Effect of water stress on different morphological attributes in all treatments showed significant differences. Plant height, branches per plant, number of grains and grain yield reduced at less number of irrigations while sterility percentage was increased at less moisture conditions. Maximum grain yield (5349 Kg/ha) was achieved at T1 where 12 number of irrigations were applied at T2 (8 irrigations) and T3 (4 irrigations). The yield reduction was observed from 30.32% to 42.53%, respectively as compared to T1 (12 irrigations). Rice variety DM 64198 produced the highest seed yield (4766 Kg/ha) followed by DM-3-89 (4770 Kg/ha).This might be due to different genetic make up of the breeding lines and their behavior and interaction in water stress environment. Furthermore, high irrigation level made possible the appropriate water availability possible at proper time for performing different types of physiochemical processes of development that hindered at less number of irrigation or water stress environment. It may be concluded that for achieving maximum economic yield, at least 12 irrigations were essential otherwise the production will be reduced to a considerable extent. 相似文献
32.
RbSr ( and U-Pb () measurements were undertaken in the Sudbury area, Sudbury, Ontario to determine the ages of the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive, Superior Province granites north of Sudbury, Sudbury Breccia and subsequent metamorphism. The Sudbury Nickel Irruptive norite whole rock Rb-Sr data yield an age of (; all results quoted at 2π level) while the Nickel Irruptive micropegmatite Rb-Sr system has been disturbed and does not yield an isochron. A plagioclase-whole rock pair from the norite near the norite-micropegmatite transition yields an age of 1866 Myr, which when taken in conjunction with field (Stevenson and Colgrove, 1968) and geochemical (Naldrettet al., 1970, 1972) data does not support the conclusion of gibbins and McNurr (1972) that the micropegmatite is a later intrusion rather than a differentiate of the magma which produced the norite. Rb-Sr studies of the Superior Province granites north of Sudbury yield an age of (). U-Pb zircon studies of these granites and granitic clasts within the Sudbury Breccia yield an age of Byr and suggest the breccia granitic clasts were derived from the Superior Province granites. The granitic rocks ~150 km north of Sudbury have been undisturbed for ~ 2.6 Byr based on Rb-Sr mineral studies, whereas the granites and Sudbury Breccia within ~ 15 km of the Nickel Irruptive, as well as the Sudbury norite at the perimeter of the Irruptive have been disturbed by the Penokean Orogeny 1.7–1.75 Byr ago. The Penokean event appears to have overprinted isotopic evidence of the Sudbury impact event at least in the area studied. 相似文献
33.
Nowrad Ali Ali Osman Yücel Muhammad Hanif Syed Irfanullah Hashmi Farhat Ullah 《Geodinamica Acta》2018,30(1):31-62
The Pirkoh and Drazinda formations in the Sulaiman Range, central Pakistan, yielded assemblages of (early) Bartonian orthophragminids, characterized predominantly by discocyclinids with a significant number of species probably endemic to Indian Subcontinent. The rarity of Asterocyclina and the absence of Orbitoclypeus and Nemkovella are noteworthy. Ten species of Discocyclina Gümbel and two species of Asterocyclina Gümbel, referable to the Shallow Benthics Zone (SBZ) 17 are described for the first time from Pakistan. The discocyclinids, i.e. Discocyclina praeomphalus, D. sulaimanensis, D. kutchensis, along with the new taxa established here, D. zindapirensis sp. nov., D. rakhinalaensis sp. nov., and D. pseudodispansa sp. nov., seem to be confined to the Indo-Pakistani region (Eastern Tethys). The Discocyclina dispansa, D. discus, D. nandori, and D. augustae lineages known from Western Tethys are also common in the Indian Subcontinent, as are asterocyclinids, such as Asterocyclina sireli and A. stellata. The upper part of the Drazinda Formation (‘Pellatispira beds’), referable to latest Bartonian and/or the early Priabonian, is poor in orthophragminids and is characterized by the occurrence of reticulate Nummulites, Heterostegina, Pellatispira and Silvestriella. The records of ‘Lepidocyclina of Caribbean affinity’ with large embryons from the Eocene of the Indian Subcontinent correspond to misidentified Discocyclina discus. 相似文献
34.
Sobia Ashraf Farhat Abbas Muhammad Ibrahim Umer Rashid Shoaib Khalid Hammad Raza Ahmad Khalid Rehman Hakeem Tahir Majeed 《地理学报(英文版)》2015,(2):225-235
Groundwater is the most appropriate and widely used source of drinking water,which is increasingly threatened by pollution from industrial and agricultural activities.To check the severity of the problem,156 groundwater samples were collected from various depths(60-110 ft) of 52 different localities in Faisalabad city,the third largest metropolis in Pakistan,and analyzed for the metals(Zn,Cu,Cd,Ni,Pb,Mn and Fe) concentration in 2009.Quantification was done by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer technique and the results were compared with WHO standards for drinking water quality.Results showed that the levels of Cu,Mn and Fe were below the WHO standards while the concentrations of Zn,Cd,Ni and Pb were above the recommended levels of safe drinking water.Correlation analysis among the occurrence of these heavy metals revealed a highly significant and positive correlation of Mn with Zn and Fe.A significant and positive correlation of Cd was also found with Cu and groundwater depth showing that there is strong association between Cu-Cd pair and that the Cd concentration varies with depth of groundwater in the study area.Regional patterns of heavy metals occurrence were mapped using Geographical Information System(GIS) for the identification and demarcation of risk areas.The concentration maps may be used by policymakers of the city to mitigate groundwater pollution. 相似文献
35.
Characterization and Source History Modeling Using Low‐k Zone Profiles at Two Source Areas 
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下载免费PDF全文 David T. Adamson Steven W. Chapman Shahla K. Farhat Beth L. Parker Phillip deBlanc Charles J. Newell 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2015,35(2):52-69
Like tree rings, high‐resolution soil sampling of low‐permeability (low‐k) zones can be used to evaluate the style of source history at contaminated sites (i.e., historical pattern of concentration and composition vs. time since releases occurred at the interface with the low‐k zone). This is valuable for the development of conceptual site model (CSM) and can serve as an important line of evidence supporting monitored natural attenuation (MNA) as a long‐term remedy. Source histories were successfully reconstructed at two sites at Naval Air Station Jacksonville using a simple one‐dimensional (1D) model. The plume arrival time and historical composition were reconstructed from the time initial releases that were suspected to occur decades earlier. At the first site (Building 106), the source reconstructions showed relatively constant source concentrations, but significant attenuation over time in the downgradient plume in the transmissive zone, suggesting MNA may not be an appropriate remedy if source control is a requirement, but attenuation processes are clearly helping to maintain plume stability and reduce risk. At the second site (Building 780), source concentrations in the transmissive zone showed an approximately a one order of magnitude over time, but apparently less attenuation in the downgradient plume. The source reconstruction method appeared to reflect site remediation efforts (excavation, soil vapor extraction) implemented in the 1990s. Finally, a detailed analysis using molecular biological tools, carbon isotopes, and by‐products suggests that most degradation activity is associated with high‐k zones but not with low‐k zones at these source areas. Overall, the source reconstruction methodology provided insight into historical concentration trends not obtainable otherwise given the limited long‐term monitoring data. 相似文献
36.
Asghar ALI Khaista REHMAN Owais TAYYAB Tahir ZAMAN Mahad JAMEEL Azeem KHAN Rafique AHMAD Muhammad IRFAN 《《地质学报》英文版》2020,94(5):1440-1450
Analysis of the anomalous magnetic mineral intensities and geochemistry for placer gold deposits are presented for those of the Attock area at the confluence of the Indus and Kabul rivers in northwestern Pakistan. Two grids covering an area of 10x18 m2 and 8x10 m2 were analyzed using a G-858 Cesium Vapor Magnetometer. The anomalous zones obtained were plotted on contour maps, 2D and 3D magnetic intensity maps. Based on the magnetic anomalies, grid-1 of the study area was sampled at three different anomalous zones for geochemical analysis. These zones contain gold concentrations, ranging from 2.11 ppm to 6.109 ppm with an average of 4.01 ppm. Increase in gold concentration in the subsurface within the anomalous zones indicates that magnetometer survey followed by a geochemical analysis can potentially narrow down the gold-bearing anomalous zones. 相似文献
37.
Vertical Discretization Impact in Numerical Modeling of Matrix Diffusion in Contaminated Groundwater
Shahla K. Farhat David T. Adamson Arun R. Gavaskar Sophia A. Lee Ronald W. Falta Charles J. Newell 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2020,40(2):52-64
Understanding the effects of contaminants that can diffuse into low-permeability (“low-k”) zones is crucial for effective groundwater remedial decision-making. Because low-k zones can serve as low-level sources of contamination to more transmissive zones over time, an accurate evaluation of the impacts of matrix diffusion at contaminated sites is vital. This study compared numerical groundwater flow and transport simulations using MODFLOW/RT3D at a hypothetical site using three cases, each with increasing discretization of the vertical 10-m thick domain: (1) a coarse multilayer heterogeneous grid based on one layer for each of four different hydrogeological units, (2) a “low-resolution” discretization approach where the low-k units were divided into several sublayers giving the model 10 layers, and (3) a “high-resolution” numerical model with 199 layers that are a few centimeters thick. When comparing the results of each case, significant differences were observed between the discretizations used, even though all other model input data were identical. The conventional grid models (Cases 1 and 2) appeared to underestimate groundwater plume concentrations by a factor ranging from 1.1 to 36 when compared to the high-resolution grid model (Case 3), and underestimated predicted cleanup times by more than a factor of 10 for some of the hypothetical sampling points in the modeling domain. These results validate the implication of Chapman et al. (2012), that conventional vertical discretization of numerical groundwater flow and transport models at contaminated sites (with layers that are greater than 1 m thick) can lead to significant errors when compared to more accurate high-resolution vertical discretization schemes (layers that are centimeters thick). 相似文献
38.
Nicola Ranger St��phane Hallegatte Sumana Bhattacharya Murthy Bachu Satya Priya K. Dhore Farhat Rafique P. Mathur Nicolas Naville Fanny Henriet Celine Herweijer Sanjib Pohit Jan Corfee-Morlot 《Climatic change》2011,104(1):139-167
Managing risks from extreme events will be a crucial component of climate change adaptation. In this study, we demonstrate an approach to assess future risks and quantify the benefits of adaptation options at a city-scale, with application to flood risk in Mumbai. In 2005, Mumbai experienced unprecedented flooding, causing direct economic damages estimated at almost two billion USD and 500 fatalities. Our findings suggest that by the 2080s, in a SRES A2 scenario, an ??upper bound?? climate scenario could see the likelihood of a 2005-like event more than double. We estimate that total losses (direct plus indirect) associated with a 1-in-100 year event could triple compared with current situation (to $690?C$1,890 million USD), due to climate change alone. Continued rapid urbanisation could further increase the risk level. The analysis also demonstrates that adaptation could significantly reduce future losses; for example, estimates suggest that by improving the drainage system in Mumbai, losses associated with a 1-in-100 year flood event today could be reduced by as much as 70%.,We show that assessing the indirect costs of extreme events is an important component of an adaptation assessment, both in ensuring the analysis captures the full economic benefits of adaptation and also identifying options that can help to manage indirect risks of disasters. For example, we show that by extending insurance to 100% penetration, the indirect effects of flooding could be almost halved. We conclude that, while this study explores only the upper-bound climate scenario, the risk-assessment core demonstrated in this study could form an important quantitative tool in developing city-scale adaptation strategies. We provide a discussion of sources of uncertainty and risk-based tools could be linked with decision-making approaches to inform adaptation plans that are robust to climate change. 相似文献
39.
Contaminant plume classification system based on mass discharge 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Estimation of mass discharge has become an increasingly valuable analysis technique at sites with contaminated groundwater plumes. We propose a simple plume magnitude classification system based on mass discharge comprised of 10 separate magnitude categories, such as a "Mag 7 plume." This system can be a useful tool for scientists, engineers, regulators, and stakeholders to better communicate site conceptual models, prioritize sites, evaluate plumes both spatially and temporally, and determine potential impacts. 相似文献
40.
Lisa J. Molofsky John A. Connor Albert S. Wylie Tom Wagner Shahla K. Farhat 《Ground water》2013,51(3):333-349
Testing of 1701 water wells in northeastern Pennsylvania shows that methane is ubiquitous in groundwater, with higher concentrations observed in valleys vs. upland areas and in association with calcium‐sodium‐bicarbonate, sodium‐bicarbonate, and sodium‐chloride rich waters—indicating that, on a regional scale, methane concentrations are best correlated to topographic and hydrogeologic features, rather than shale‐gas extraction. In addition, our assessment of isotopic and molecular analyses of hydrocarbon gases in the Dimock Township suggest that gases present in local water wells are most consistent with Middle and Upper Devonian gases sampled in the annular spaces of local gas wells, as opposed to Marcellus Production gas. Combined, these findings suggest that the methane concentrations in Susquehanna County water wells can be explained without the migration of Marcellus shale gas through fractures, an observation that has important implications for understanding the nature of risks associated with shale‐gas extraction. 相似文献