长沙市防洪建设中若干重要问题探讨     

毛德华  夏军  龚重惠 《地理研究》2003,22(6):716-724

探讨了全国重点防洪城市长沙市防洪建设中的若干重要问题:防洪标准、设计洪水位、防洪大堤高度等的确定;建设方针与程序、整体防洪能力建设、防洪建设与基础设施建设和景观建设协调发展等。长沙设计洪水位的确定应综合考虑以下几个方面:湘江长沙段洪水与其支流和东洞庭湖洪水不存在高标准洪水同期遭遇问题,更不存在同频率洪水遭遇问题;湘江洪水流量与水位关系不是长沙洪水设计的主要依据;而南洞庭湖洪水位顶托和河道槽蓄量减少是影响长沙洪水位高低的动、静态因素。目前,长沙城市堤防设防高度偏高,减少了大堤的稳定性,造成了无效投资,影响了城市景观。防洪工程建设应分期实施、先除险后加固、注重整体防洪能力的提高,并处理好与城市基础设施建设和景观建设的关系。  相似文献   

本世纪西北气候可能转型的依据和原因分析   总被引：21，自引：4，他引：17  

汤懋苍  高晓清  朱德琴 《冰川冻土》2003,25(2):170-173

西北气候是否正在或已经转型不仅是个科学问题,它也与该地区甚至全国的生态建设和国民经济的可持续发展密切相关.从地球系统科学的角度出发,对西北地区气候转型问题进行了探讨.利用太阳活动周期长度、孢粉及冰芯等资料,在分析了西北气候变化的周期规律后指出,西北气候已经完成了由冷到暖的“转型”;推测西北的“千年湿期”将从22世纪开始;西北东部气候转为湿型可能要发生在2020年以后.  相似文献   

Measuring and modeling vertical gradients in suspended sediments in the Solimões/Amazon River          下载免费PDF全文

E. Armijos  A. Crave  R. Espinoza  P. Fraizy  A.L.M.R. Dos Santos  F. Sampaio  E. De Oliveira  W. Santini  J.M. Martinez  P. Autin  N. Pantoja  M. Oliveira  N. Filizola 《水文研究》2017,31(3):654-667

Accurately measuring sediment flux in large rivers remains a challenge due to the spatial and temporal cross‐sectional variability of suspended sediment concentrations in conjunction with sampling procedures that fail to accurately quantify these differences. This study presents a field campaign methodology that can be used to improve the measurement of suspended sediment concentrations in the Amazon River or similarly large rivers. The turbidity signal and Rouse model are together used in this study to define the spatial distribution of suspended sediment concentrations in a river cross‐section, taking into account the different size fractions of the sediment. With this methodology, suspended sediment fluxes corresponding to each sediment class are defined with less uncertainty than with manual samples. This paper presents an application of this methodology during a field campaign at different gauging stations along a 3,000‐km stretch of the Solimões/Amazon River during low water and flood periods. Vertical concentration profiles and Rouse model applications for distinctive sediment sizes are explored to determine concentration gradients throughout a cross‐section of the river. The results show that coupling both turbidity technology and the Rouse model may improve our understanding of the spatial distribution of different sediments fractions sizes in the Solimões/Amazon River. These data are very useful in defining a pertinent monitoring strategy for suspended sediment concentrations in the challenging context of large rivers.  相似文献   

Hydrology of hillslope‐wetland streams,Polar Bear Pass,Nunavut, Canada     

Kathy L. Young  Jane Assini  Anna Abnizova  Nelson De Miranda 《水文研究》2010,24(23):3345-3358

Polar Bear Pass is a large High Arctic low‐gradient wetland (100 km²) bordered by low‐lying hills which are notched by a series of v‐shaped valleys. The spring and summer hydrology of two High Arctic hillslope‐wetland catchments, a first‐order stream, 0·2 km² Landing Strip Creek (LSC) and a larger second‐order basin, 4·2 km² Windy Creek (WC), is described here. A water balance framework was employed in 2008 to examine the movement of water from upland reaches into the low‐lying wetland. Snowcover was low in both basins (<50 mm in water equivalent units), but they both exhibited nival‐type regimes. After the main snowmelt season ended, runoff ceased in the smaller catchment (LSC), but not at the larger basin (WC) which continued to flow throughout the summer. Both basins responded to summer rains in different ways. At LSC, late‐summer continuous streamflow occurred only when rainfall satisfied the large soil moisture deficit in the upper bowl‐shaped zone of the basin. At WC, the presence of thinly thawed, ice‐rich polygonal terrain within the stream channel and in the upper reaches of the catchment likely limited infiltration in these near‐stream zones and enhanced runoff in response to both moderate and high rainfall. Subsequently, seasonal runoff ratios differed between the two sites (0·19 vs 0·68) as did the seasonal storage + residual (+16 vs ?50 mm). This suggests that the post‐snowmelt season runoff response to summer precipitation is very much modified by the unique basin characteristics (soil‐type, vegetation, ground ice) and their location within each stream order type. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Machine learning classifiers for attributing tephra to source volcanoes: an evaluation of methods for Alaska tephras     

Matthew S. M. Bolton  Britta J. L. Jensen  Kristi Wallace  Nore Praet  David Fortin  Darrell Kaufman  Marc De Batist 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(1-2):81-92

Glass composition-based correlations of volcanic ash (tephra) traditionally rely on extensive manual plotting. Many previous statistical methods for testing correlations are limited by using geochemical means, masking diagnostic variability. We suggest that machine learning classifiers can expedite correlation, quickly narrowing the list of likely candidates using well-trained models. Eruptives from Alaska's Aleutian Arc-Alaska Peninsula and Wrangell volcanic field were used as a test environment for 11 supervised classification algorithms, trained on nearly 2000 electron probe microanalysis measurements of glass major oxides, representing 10 volcanic sources. Artificial neural networks and random forests were consistently among the top-performing learners (accuracy and kappa > 0.96). Their combination as an average ensemble effectively improves their performance. Using this combined model on tephras from Eklutna Lake, south-central Alaska, showed that predictions match traditional methods and can speed correlation. Although classifiers are useful tools, they should aid expert analysis, not replace it. The Eklutna Lake tephras are mostly from Redoubt Volcano. Besides tephras from known Holocene-active sources, Holocene tephra geochemically consistent with Pleistocene Emmons Lake Volcanic Center (Dawson tephra), but from a yet unknown source, is evident. These tephras are mostly anchored by a highly resolved varved chronology and represent new important regional stratigraphic markers.  相似文献   

一次暴雨过程中两个降水阶段的差异分析     

陈鹏  刘毅  刘德  何军  陈贵川  廖芷仪 《高原气象》2015,(3):732-740

利用NCEP格点再分析资料和WRF模式输出的高分辨率资料、自动站降水资料、雷达资料对2010年8月14 16日发生在重庆的一次大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟和诊断分析。结果表明:此次暴雨过程分为两个阶段,降水系统主要有两个:第一阶段的主要降水系统是低空切变线;第二阶段的主要降水系统是低空切变线和850 h Pa西南低涡,并且第二个阶段内的降水量较大、持续时间也较长。风垂直廓线的时间演变表明,暴雨发生、发展过程中,中低层强西南风风速的下传和低层切变辐合的存在对中尺度对流系统的增强有着重要的作用;数值模拟分析显示,第一阶段,弱的冷平流影响暴雨区,在低空切变线的作用下,引起气团在水平方向辐合,触发中尺度对流系统的发生、发展;第二阶段,中高层强的冷空气倾入降水区,850 h Pa低涡生成后东移至重庆东北地区,其低涡附近的垂直上升运动与700 h Pa切变线附近的上升运动相耦合,强迫抬升中低层暖湿空气并再次触发降水区域的中尺度对流系统。  相似文献   

The extremely long-runout Komansu rock avalanche in the Trans Alai range,Pamir Mountains,southern Kyrgyzstan     

Tom R. Robinson  Tim R. H. Davies  Natalya V. Reznichenko  Gregory P. De Pascale 《Landslides》2015,12(3):523-535

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000334     

Weronika Gorczyk  Hugh Smithies  Fawna Korhonen  Heather Howard  Raphael Quentin De Gromard 《地学前缘(英文版)》2015,6(1):23-37

The Musgrave Province developed at the nexus of the North,West and South Australian cratons and its Mesoproterozoic evolution incorporates a 100 Ma period of ultra-high temperature(UHT) metamorphism from ca.1220 to ca.1120 Ma.This was accompanied by high-temperature A-type granitic magmatism over an 80 Ma period,sourced in part from mantle-derived components and emplaced as a series of pulsed events that also coincide with peaks in UHT metamorphism.The tectonic setting for this thermal event(the Musgrave Orogeny) is thought to have been intracontinental and the lithospheric architecture of the region is suggested to have had a major influence on the thermal evolution.We use a series of two dimensional,fully coupled thermo-mechanical-petrological numerical models to investigate the plausibility of initiating and prolonging UHT conditions under model setup conditions appropriate to the inferred tectonic setting and lithospheric architecture of the Musgrave Province.The results support the inferred tectonic framework for the Musgrave Orogeny,predicting periods of UHT metamorphism of up to 70 Ma,accompanied by thin crust and extensive magmatism derived from both crustal and mantle sources.The results also appear to be critically dependent upon the specific location of the Musgrave Province,constrained between thicker cratonic masses.  相似文献   

How Do Surficial Lithic Assemblages Weather in Arid Environments? A Case Study from the Atacama Desert,Northern Chile     

Paula C. Ugalde  Calogero M. Santoro  Eugenia M. Gayo  Claudio Latorre  Sebastin Maldonado  Ricardo De Pol‐Holz  Donald Jackson 《Geoarchaeology》2015,30(4):352-368

Archaeological sites composed only of surficial lithics are widespread in arid environments. Numerical dating of such sites is challenging, however, and even establishing a relative chronology can be daunting. One potentially helpful method for assigning relative chronologies is to use lithic weathering, on the assumption that the most weathered artifacts are also the oldest. Yet, few studies have systematically assessed how local environmental processes affect weathering of surficial lithics. Using macroscopic analyses, we compared the weathering of surficial lithic assemblages from seven mid‐to‐late Holocene archaeological sites sampled from four different microenvironments in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. Changes in polish, texture, shine, and color were used to establish significant differences in weathering between two kinds of locations: interfluves and canyon sites. Lithics from interfluve sites were moderately to highly weathered by wind and possessed a dark coating, whereas canyon lithics were mildly weathered despite greater exposure to moisture, often lacked indications of eolian abrasion, and lacked dark coatings. Our results show that lithic weathering can be used as a proxy for relative age, but only after considering local environmental factors. The power of such chronologies can be improved by combining archaeological, paleoenvironmental, geomorphological, and taphonomic data.  相似文献   

中国城际联系距离衰减的非线性规律——基于人口流动大数据     

储君  仝德  古恒宇  曹志强  潘向向 《地理科学进展》2023,42(1):1-11

以人口流动为表征的空间相互作用是热点议题,然而关于其影响因素的非线性机制尚未被充分揭示。论文利用2018年腾讯迁徙大数据,以梯度提升决策树模型改进重力模型,分析距离衰减系数的非线性特征。研究发现：(1)城际联系的距离衰减系数呈非线性,偏依赖图曲线存在2个“平台区”(距离衰减系数接近于0)和2个“衰减区”(距离衰减系数约为2.8),将直线距离替换为路网距离,2018年数据替换为其他年份数据后,结果仍然稳健;(2)与基准模型相比,航空、铁路及公路交通下的距离衰减系数非线性特征存在显著差异,春运期间的距离衰减系数基本保持一致。建议根据城际联系距离衰减规律布局都市圈和城市群,优化国土空间发展格局。  相似文献