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101.
Federico Carturan Mariano Angelo Zanini Carlo Pellegrino Claudio Modena 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2014,12(2):795-806
Natural threats like earthquakes, hurricanes or tsunamis have had serious impacts on communities. In the past, major earthquakes in the United States like Loma Prieta 1989, Northridge 1994, or recent events in Italy like L’Aquila 2009 or Emilia 2012 emphasized the importance of preparedness and awareness to reduce social impacts. In addition to that, earthquake damaged businesses dramatically reduced the gross regional product. Generating scenario earthquakes in a proper way is important to suitably assess the risk in bridge networks and social losses in terms of gross regional product reduction. Seismic hazard is traditionally assessed by means of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). Although PSHA well represents the hazard at a specific location it is not suitable for spatially distributed systems. Scenario earthquakes can overcome this problem; they represent the actual distribution of ground shaking for a spatially distributed system while being hazard consistent. In this work a methodology to generate scenario earthquakes has been proposed using a novel approach with the aim of being the basic step for investigating possible earthquake consequences in seismic areas and contributing to reduce losses. 相似文献
102.
Guidelines on the use of inverse velocity method as a tool for setting alarm thresholds and forecasting landslides and structure collapses 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
Tommaso Carlà Emanuele Intrieri Federico Di Traglia Teresa Nolesini Giovanni Gigli Nicola Casagli 《Landslides》2017,14(2):517-534
Predicting the time of failure is a topic of major concern in the field of geological risk management. Several approaches, based on the analysis of displacement monitoring data, have been proposed in recent years to deal with the issue. Among these, the inverse velocity method surely demonstrated its effectiveness in anticipating the time of collapse of rock slopes displaying accelerating trends of deformation rate. However, inferring suitable linear trend lines and deducing reliable failure predictions from inverse velocity plots are processes that may be hampered by the noise present in the measurements; data smoothing is therefore a very important phase of inverse velocity analyses. In this study, different filters are tested on velocity time series from four case studies of geomechanical failure in order to improve, in retrospect, the reliability of failure predictions: Specifically, three major landslides and the collapse of an historical city wall in Italy have been examined. The effects of noise on the interpretation of inverse velocity graphs are also assessed. General guidelines to conveniently perform data smoothing, in relation to the specific characteristics of the acceleration phase, are deduced. Finally, with the aim of improving the practical use of the method and supporting the definition of emergency response plans, some standard procedures to automatically setup failure alarm levels are proposed. The thresholds which separate the alarm levels would be established without needing a long period of neither reference historical data nor calibration on past failure events. 相似文献
103.
Vittorio Di Federico Marco Pinelli Rita Ugarelli 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2010,24(7):1067-1076
An understanding of the interplay between non-Newtonian effects in porous media flow and field-scale domain heterogeneity
is of great importance in several engineering and geological applications. Here we present a simplified approach to the derivation
of an effective permeability for flow of a purely viscous power–law fluid with flow behavior index n in a randomly heterogeneous porous domain subject to a uniform pressure gradient. A standard form of the flow law generalizing
the Darcy’s law to non-Newtonian fluids is adopted, with the permeability coefficient being the only source of randomness.
The natural logarithm of the permeability is considered a spatially homogeneous and correlated Gaussian random field. Under
the ergodic hypothesis, an effective permeability is first derived for two limit 1-D flow geometries: flow parallel to permeability
variation (serial-type layers), and flow transverse to permeability variation (parallel-type layers). The effective permeability
of a 2-D or 3-D isotropic domain is conjectured to be a power average of 1-D results, generalizing results valid for Newtonian
fluids under the validity of Darcy’s law; the conjecture is validated comparing our results with previous literature findings.
The conjecture is then extended, allowing the exponents of the power averaging to be functions of the flow behavior index.
For Newtonian flow, novel expressions for the effective permeability reduce to those derived in the past. The effective permeability
is shown to be a function of flow dimensionality, domain heterogeneity, and flow behavior index. The impact of heterogeneity
is significant, especially for shear-thinning fluids with a low flow behavior index, which tend to exhibit channeling behavior. 相似文献
104.
Gianluca Vignaroli Claudio Faccenna Federico Rossetti 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2009,98(5):1077-1093
Geological mapping coupled with structural investigations carried out in the Voltri Massif (eastern Ligurian Alps, Italy)
provide new data for the interpretation of the tectonic context controlling main fabric development during exhumation of its
high-pressure core. The Voltri Massif is here interpreted as a c. 30 km-long eclogite-bearing, asymmetric dome formed by the
progressive verticalisation of the regional, second-phase mylonitic foliation developed during retrogressive greenschist metamorphic
conditions. In this light, the exhumation history is driven by a ductile-to-brittle extensional process, operating through
low-angle, top-to-the-W multiple detachment systems. A Late Eocene–Early Oligocene age for this extensional episode is proposed
on the basis of structural correlations, stratigraphic and radiometric constraints. In this scenario, the Voltri Massif is
interpreted as an extensional domain developed to accommodate the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene arching of the Western Alps–Northern
Apennines orogenic system. 相似文献
105.
Myrto Papadopoulou Federico Da Col Binbin Mi Emma Bäckström Paul Marsden Bojan Brodic Alireza Malehmir Laura Valentina Socco 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(1):214-231
In mineral exploration, increased interest towards deeper mineralizations makes seismic methods attractive. One of the critical steps in seismic processing workflows is the static correction, which is applied to correct the effect of the shallow, highly heterogeneous subsurface layers, and improve the imaging of deeper targets. We showed an effective approach to estimate the statics, based on the analysis of surface waves (groundroll) contained in the seismic reflection data, and we applied it to a legacy seismic line acquired at the iron-oxide mining site of Ludvika in Sweden. We applied surface-wave methods that were originally developed for hydrocarbon exploration, modified as a step-by-step workflow to suit the different geologic context of hard-rock sites. The workflow starts with the detection of sharp lateral variations in the subsurface, the existence of which is common at hard-rock sites. Their location is subsequently used, to ensure that the dispersion curves extracted from the data are not affected by strong lateral variations of the subsurface properties. The dispersion curves are picked automatically, windowing the data and applying a wavefield transform. A pseudo-2D time-average S-wave velocity and time-average P-wave velocity profile are obtained directly from the dispersion curves, after inverting only a reference curve. The time-average P-wave velocity profile is then used for the direct estimation of the one-way traveltime, which provides the static corrections. The resulting P-wave statics from the field data were compared with statics computed through conventional P-wave tomography. Their difference was mostly negligible with more than 91% of the estimations being in agreement with the conventional statics, proving the effectiveness of the proposed workflow. The application of the statics obtained from surface waves provided a stacked section comparable with that obtained by applying tomostatics. 相似文献
106.
Michael Weber Federico Lugli Bodo Hattendorf Denis Scholz Regina Mertz‐Kraus Damien Guinoiseau Klaus Peter Jochum 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(1):69-83
The in situ measurement of Sr isotopes in carbonates by MC‐ICP‐MS is limited by the availability of suitable microanalytical reference materials (RMs), which match the samples of interest. Whereas several well‐characterised carbonate reference materials for Sr mass fractions > 1000 µg g?1 are available, there is a lack of well‐characterised carbonate microanalytical RMs with lower Sr mass fractions. Here, we present a new synthetic carbonate nanopowder RM with a Sr mass fraction of ca. 500 µg g?1 suitable for microanalytical Sr isotope research (‘NanoSr’). NanoSr was analysed by both solution‐based and in situ techniques. Element mass fractions were determined using EPMA (Ca mass fraction), as well as laser ablation and solution ICP‐MS in different laboratories. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio was determined by well‐established bulk methods for Sr isotope measurements and is 0.70756 ± 0.00003 (2s). The Sr isotope microhomogeneity of the material was determined by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS, which resulted in 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70753 ± 0.00007 (2s) and 0.70757 ± 0.00006 (2s), respectively, in agreement with the solution data within uncertainties. Thus, this new reference material is well suited to monitor and correct microanalytical Sr isotope measurements of low‐Sr, low‐REE carbonate samples. NanoSr is available from the corresponding author. 相似文献
107.
Subantarctic macrotidal flats, cheniers and beaches in San Sebastian Bay, Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
San Sebastian Bay is a large, semicircular coastal embayment situated on the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. It is a high-energy, subantarctic environment with a tidal range of 10.4 m, influenced by large waves of Atlantic and local origin and swept by constant, strong westerly winds. A 17 km long gravel spit protects the Northern part of the Bay giving rise to a gradient in sedimentary processes. From south to north, are seven distinct sedimentary environments. Coastal sedimentation started at least 5200 years before present (BP) and a rapid progradation related to a relative sea-level drop has infilled about 6 kilometres of the Bay with a sedimentary sequence 10–11 m thick. 14-C dating of unabraded shells in the Chenier ridges of the relict part of the complex allows for a precise reconstruction of the stages of the progradation, that has slowed from 2.35 m/year at 5000 years BP to 0.6 m/year at present. The possible causes of the sea-level drop are discussed. 相似文献
108.
Federico Torcal Antonio M. Posadas Mario Chica & Inmaculada Serrano 《Geophysical Journal International》1999,139(3):703-725
Geostatistics offers various techniques of estimation and simulation that have been satisfactorily applied in solving geological problems. In this sense, conditional geostatistical simulation is applied to calculate the probability of occurrence of an earthquake with a lower than or equal magnitude to one determined during a seismic series. It is possible to calculate the energy of the next most probable earthquake from a specific time, given knowledge of the structure existing among earthquakes occurring prior to a specific moment. 相似文献
109.
Federico Torcal Antonio M. Posadas & Inmaculada Serrano 《Geophysical Journal International》1999,139(3):726-742
Seismic series can be taken as examples of correlated unstationary sets of time-stochastic sequences. We investigate the possibility of estimating what is most probable to occur subsequently, if we know the events that have occurred up to a given moment.
The stochastic methods can be used with data of the seismic series, irrespective of their genesis and origin. Using three stochastic methods, namely (1) simulating the likelihood of occurrence by conditional geostatistical simulation; (2) developing a stochastic analysis of the energy release by means of energy packages; and (3) calculating the occurrence time of the most probable next earthquake, we were able to simulate the occurrence of earthquakes that took place during the Alborán Sea seismic series (1997–1998).
We conclude that it is possible to set limits on the time of occurrence and energy release, understood as the magnitude of the most probable earthquake, during the development of a seismic sequence and prior to the actual occurrence of the earthquake. 相似文献
The stochastic methods can be used with data of the seismic series, irrespective of their genesis and origin. Using three stochastic methods, namely (1) simulating the likelihood of occurrence by conditional geostatistical simulation; (2) developing a stochastic analysis of the energy release by means of energy packages; and (3) calculating the occurrence time of the most probable next earthquake, we were able to simulate the occurrence of earthquakes that took place during the Alborán Sea seismic series (1997–1998).
We conclude that it is possible to set limits on the time of occurrence and energy release, understood as the magnitude of the most probable earthquake, during the development of a seismic sequence and prior to the actual occurrence of the earthquake. 相似文献
110.
Manzini Federico Crippa Roberto Oldani Virgino Guaita Cesare 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1999,87(2):73-85
Using a CCD camera attached to the 0.335 m and 0.20 m reflectors of S.A.S. Observatory (Novara, Italy), we followed the linear
jets and shells of comet Hale–Bopp between May 1996 and May 1997. In addition to confirming the model of Sekanina and Bohenhardt
(1997), the study of the linear jets provided indications concerning the orientation of the comet's axis of rotation over
time. The study of the shells revealed that the speed at which they move away from the nucleus was not constant. A periodic
variation of the shell expansion velocity may not be excluded : if so, a possible precessional effect on the axis of rotation
of the comet's nucleus could explain this behavior.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献