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81.
Zusammenfassung Im Westeuropäischen Becken wurden bathymetrische Vermessungen und geomorphologische Untersuchungen zur Unterstützung eines ozeanographischen Meßprogramms (NOAMP) des Deutschen Hydrographischen Instituts durchgeführt. Für das zentrale Arbeitsgebiet wurde mit dem SEA BEAM-System eine sehr exakte Tiefenkarte erstellt. Die Karte der weiteren Umgebung ergab sich aus den NBS-Lotungen während der Profilfahrten des hydrographischen Meßprogramms.Die bathymetrischen Karten zeigen Wassertiefen zwischen 3500 und 4900 m an. Das Relief ist damit deutlich rauher, als es aus bisherigen Vermessungen zu erwarten war. Es herrschen NNE-SSW-streichende Strukturen vor, die parallel zum Mittelatlantischen Rücken verlaufen. Ab und zu werden diese durch breite, E-W-verlaufende Senken geschnitten. Bei diesen Senken handelt es sich vermutlich um derzeit inaktive ozeanische Bruchzonen.Die basaltische Kruste hat im Zentralgebiet ein paläozänes bis eozänes Alter (Magnetanomalie 26 bis 21). Die basaltischen Rücken tragen eine ca. 30 m mächtige Sedimentdecke, die das schroffe Krustenrelief noch nicht geglättet hat. Tiefergelegene Rinnen und Senken besitzen durch Sedimentumlagerung und (nördlich 47° N) durch Turbiditzufuhr aus dem Maury-Channel-System südlich von Island eine mehr als 150 m mächtige Sedimentfüllung.
Bathymetric and physiographic charting in the NOAMP area, West European Basin (17° W to 22° W, 46° N to 49° N)
Summary The Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut (DHI), Hamburg, is carrying out an oceanographic measurement programme in the NE Atlantik (NOAMP) in order to compute the transportation paths of dissolved and particulate substances from the ocean bottom up to surface layers. One of the main tasks, to resolve the movements of the bottom currents, required detailed knowledge of the structure of the ocean floor. Therefore, the oceanographic data collection was accompanied by bathymetric charting and a geophysical site survey (continuous profiling of reflection seismic, gravity, and orientation of magnetism) of the central area of investigation. The mapping of the central NOAMP area was carried out with the SEA BEAM system (RV Polarstern, RV Sonne). NBS soundings, recorded during the hydrographic cruises, were evaluated for a map of the outer vicinity.As the most important result, the mapping revealed a much more sophisticated relief than was expected from known charts. The water depth range between 3500 and 4900 m. A system of ridges and furrows, with a mean crest-to-crest distance of 10 nautical miles, trends parallel to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (NNE to SSW). This system is cut each 50 nautical miles by broad E-W striking valleys. The ridges climb about 300 to 400 m above the bottom of the furrows. Some peaks sitting on top of the ridges rise up to the shallowest depths of 3500 m.The internal cores of the ridges consist of basaltic ocean crust, as can be seen by the relative increases of the Bouguer gravity. In the central NOAMP area, the age of the crust is Paleocene to Eocene (magnetic anomalies 26 to 21). The E-W striking valley at 47° 30 N is interpreted as a fossil fracture zone, due to the Z-like bending of the magnetic anomalies.The sediment cover is rather thin on elevations (about 30 m). Therefore, the rough microtopography of the basaltic crust is not yet buried. Downslope mass transport of sediment by currnets and submarine slides raised the sediment thickness in the deeper furrows to more than 100 m, and smoothed out the floor. North of 47° N, there is an additional supply of sediment by turbidity currents from the depositional Maury Channel system south of Iceland.

Relevés bathymétriques et physiographiques dans la zone NOAMP, bassin européen Ouest (17° W à 22° W, 46° N à 49° N)
Résumé Le Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut (DHI) de Hamburg, est en train d'exécuter un programme de mesures océanographiques dans l'Atlantique Nord-Est (NOAMP), dans le but de déterminer le cheminement du transport des substances dissoutes et particulaires du fond de l'océan vers les couches de surface. L'une des principales tâches, étant la détermination des déplacements des courants de fond, elle exigeait une connaissance détaillée de la structure du fond de l'océan. En conséquence, la collecte des données océanograhiques fut accompagnée de relevés bathymétriques et d'un levé géophysique sur le site (profils continus de réflexion sismique, gravité, orientation du champ magnétique) de la zone centrale d'investigation. La cartographie de la zone centrale NOAMP a été réalisée à l'aide du sondeur «SEA BEAM» (RV «Polarstern», RV «Sonne»). Les sondages NBS enregistrés au cours des campagnes hydrographiques, étaient évalués pour une carte du voisinage extérieur.Le résultat le plus important, révélé par la cartographie, était un relief beaucoup plus complexe que celui auquel on pouvait s'attendre à la lecture des cartes existantes. La profondeur était comprise entre 3500 et 4900 m. Un système de dorsales et de sillons, avec une distance moyenne de crête à crête de 10 milles marins, s'étire parallèlement à la dorsale médiane de l'Atlantique (du NNE au SSW). Ce système est interrompu tous les 50 milles marins par de larges vallées de direction Est-Ouest. Les dorsales culminent de 300 à 400 m au-dessus du fond des sillons. Quelques pics situés au sommet des dorsales remontent vers les profondeurs les plus faibles qui sont de 3500 m.La structure interne des dorsales consiste en une croûte de basalte océanique comme cela peut être observé par l'augmentation relative de l'anomalie de Bouguer. Dans la partie centrale de la zone NOAMP, l'âge de la croûte s'étale du paléocène à l'éocène (les anomalies magnétiques de 26 à 21). La vallée de direction Est-Ouest située en 47° 30 N, est interprétée comme une zone de fracture fossile, attribuable à la sinuosité, en forme de Z, des anomalies magnétiques.La couverture sédimentaire est plutôt mince sur les hauteurs (de l'ordre de 30 m). C'est pourpuoi, la microtopographie grossière de la croûte basaltique n'est pas encore enfouie. Le transport en masse des sédiments suivant la pente descendante du aux courants et aux glissements sous-marins ont augmenté l'épaisseur du sédiment dans les sillons les plus profonds jusqu'à plus de 100 m et ont «lissé» le fond. Il existe au Nord de 47° N, un apport supplémentaire de sédiments amené par des courants de turbidité provenant du dépôt de Maury Channel au Sud de l'Islande.
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82.
膜蛋白是生物领域研究中的热点和难点。在光合作用研究中,对于藻类个体发育过程中光合膜蛋白结构和功能的变化所知甚少,其中的一个限制因素是能否纯化得到大量高活性的稳定且均一的光合膜蛋白。作者从条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)孢子体和配子体中分离纯化得到光合系统(PSⅡ)复合物,并研究了其完整性和放氧活性。结果表明,孢子体和配子体的PSⅡ复合物,在4℃条件下保存比在-80℃下保存放氧活性高,稳定性高。配子体PSⅡ复合物,在-80℃保存第6天就已经没有放氧活性,而孢子体PSⅡ复合物仍有放氧活性。对4℃下保存的PSII复合物进行分子筛柱层析,室温吸收光谱测定以及放氧活性测定,发现随着放氧活性逐渐降低,蛋白大分子有聚合现象。室温吸收光谱表明经过长期的保存,吸收峰向短波长方向偏移,叶绿素易降解成为脱镁叶绿素  相似文献   
83.
In light of the pressing need for development and testing of reliable parameterizations of gravity current entrainment in ocean general circulation models, two existing entrainment parameterization schemes, K-profile parameterization (KPP) and one based on Turner’s work (TP), are compared using idealized experiments of dense water flow over a constant-slope wedge using the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). It is found that the gravity current entrainment resulting from KPP and TP differ significantly from one another. Parameters of KPP and TP are then calibrated using results from the high-order nonhydrostatic spectral element model Nek5000. It is shown that a very good agreement can be reached between the HYCOM simulations with KPP and TP, even though these schemes are quite different from each other.  相似文献   
84.
The excess Gibbs free energy due to non-convergent ordering is described by a Landau expansion in which configurational and non-configurational entropy contributions are separated:
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85.
The Borborema Pegmatitic Province (BPP), northeastern Brazil, is historically important for tantalum mining and also famous for top-quality specimens of exotic Nb–Ta oxides and, more recently, for the production of gem quality, turquoise blue, ‘Paraíba Elbaite.’ With more than 750 registered mineralized rare-element granitic pegmatites, the BPP extends over an area of about 75 by 150 km in the eastern part of the Neoproterozoic Seridó Belt. The Late Cambrian pegmatites are mostly hosted by a sequence of Neoproterozoic cordierite–sillimanite biotite schists of the Seridó Formation and quartzites and metaconglomerates of the Equador Formation. The trace-element ratios in feldspar and micas allow to classify most pegmatites as belonging to the beryl–columbite phosphate subtype. Electron microprobe analyses (EMPA) of columbite, tapiolite, niobian–tantalian rutile, ixiolite and wodginite group minerals from 28 pegmatites in the BPP are used to evaluate the effectiveness of Nb–Ta oxide chemistry as a possible exploration tool, to trace the degree of pegmatite fractionation and to classify the pegmatites. The columbite group mineral composition allows to establish a compositional trend from manganoan ferrocolumbite to manganocolumbite and on to manganotantalite. This trend is typical of complex spodumene- and/or lepidolite-subtype pegmatites. It clearly contrasts with another trend, from ferrocolumbite through ferrotantalite to ferrowodginite and ferrotapiolite compositions, typical of pegmatites of the beryl–columbite phosphate subtype. Large scatter and anomalous trends in zoned crystals partially overlap and conceal the two main evolution patterns. This indicates that a large representative data set of heavy mineral concentrate samples, collected systematically along cross-sections, would be necessary to predict the metallogenetic potential of individual pegmatites. Other mineral species, e.g. garnets and/or tourmaline, with a more regular distribution than Nb–Ta oxides, would be more appropriate and less expensive for routine exploration purposes. The currently available Nb–Ta oxide chemistry data suggest the potential for highly fractionated Ta–Li–Cs pegmatites in the BPP, so far undiscovered, and encourages further, more detailed research.  相似文献   
86.
We present a model that may explain deep crustal earthquakes observed, in particular, in several areas of highly reflective (laminated) lower continental crust. We combine observations from earthquake seismology, crustal reflection seismics and tectonic-rheological concepts. The study concentrates on parts of the northern Alpine foreland where many earthquakes occur inside the laminated lower crust, which is generally considered to be warm and weak. Thin mafic/ultramafic, sill-like intrusions and invisible dykes are assumed to form a corset-like network with high strength. This model can explain the observed strong and multiple reflections and the occurrence of rupture inside a stable structure within a weak lower crust. Tectonic stress transfer (from the Alpine collision zone or/and the Upper Rhine Graben) and its release may follow classical friction concepts. In addition, the heterogeneity of the laminated lower crust may also favour various viscous instabilities.  相似文献   
87.
88.
Structure and composition of the continental crust in East China   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
Crustal structures of nine broad tectonic units in China, except the Tarim craton, are derived from 18 seismic refraction profiles including 12 geoscience transects. Abundances of 63 major, trace and rare earth elements in the upper crust in East China are estimated. The estimates are based on sampling of 11 451 individual rock samples over an area of 950 000 km2, from which 905 large composite samples are prepared and analyzed by 13 methods. The middle, lower and total crust compositions of East China are also estimated from studies of exposed crustal cross sections and granulite xenoliths and by correlation of seismic data with lithologies. All the tectonic units except the Tarim craton and the Qinling orogen show a four-layered crustal structure, consisting of the upper, middle, upper lower, and lowermost crusts. P-wave velocities of the bulk lower crust and total crust are 6.8–7.0 and 6:4–6.5 km/s, respectively. They are slower by 0.2–0.4 km/s than the global averages. The bulk lower crust is suggested to be intermediate with 58% SiO2 in East China. The results contrast with generally accepted global models of mafic lower crusi. The proposed total crust composition in East China is also more evolved than previous estimates and characterized by SiO2=64%, a significant negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.80), deficits in Sr and transition metals, a near-arc magma La/Nd ratio (3.0), and a calculatedμ(238U/204Pb) value of 5. In addition, it has the following ratios of element pairs exhibiting similar compatibility, which are identical or close to the primitive mantle values: Zr/Hf=37, Nb/Ta=17.5, Ba/Th=87, K/Pb=0.12x104, Rb/Cs=25, Ba/Rb=8.94, Sn/Sm=0.31, Se/Cd=1.64, La/ As=10.3, Ce/Sb=271, Pb/Bi=57, Rb/TI=177, Er/Ag=52, Cu/Au=3.2×104, Sm/Mo=7.5, Nd/W=40, CI/Li=10.8, F/Nd=21.9, and La/B=1.8. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49625305, 49573183, 49673184, 49794043), the State Comission of Education, the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources of China (Grant No. 850514), the Open Laboratory of Constitution, Interaction and Dynamics of the Crust-Mantle System, and the Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation of Germany.  相似文献   
89.
90.
The megabenthos plays an important role in the abyssal ecosystem. The holothuroids have been proposed as indicators of physical disturbance of the seabed caused, for example, by commercial deep-sea mining of manganese nodules. Environmental studies at seabed mining claims have resulted in numerous still photographs that provide an overview of the megabenthos in manganese nodule fields. Data from these investigations and from the large-scale disturbance and recolonization experiment DISCOL have been used to summarize knowledge of the taxonomy and ecology of holothurians at manganese nodule sites.  相似文献   
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