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111.
112.
Toru Kouyama Takeshi Imamura Masato Nakamura Takehiko Satoh Yoshihumi Futaana 《Planetary and Space Science》2012,60(1):207-216
An improved cloud tracking method for deriving wind velocities from successive planetary images was developed. The new method incorporates into the traditional cross-correlation method an algorithm that corrects for erroneous cloud motion vectors by re-determining the most plausible correlation peak among all of the local maxima on the correlation surface by comparing each vector with its neighboring vectors. The newly developed method was applied to the Venusian violet images obtained by the Solid State Imaging system (SSI) onboard the Galileo spacecraft during its Venus flyby. Although the results may be biased by the choice of spatial scale of atmospheric features, the cloud tracking is the most practical mean of estimating the wind velocities with extensive spatial and temporal coverage. The two-dimensional distribution of the horizontal wind vector field over 5 days was obtained. It was found from these wind maps that the solar-fixed component in 1990 was similar to that in 1982 obtained by the Pioneer Venus orbiter. The deviation of the instantaneous zonal wind field from the solar-fixed component shows a distinct wavenumber-1 structure in the equatorial region. On the assumption that this structure is a manifestation of an equatorial Kelvin wave, the phase relationship between the zonal wind and the cloud brightness suggests a short photochemical lifetime of the violet absorber. The momentum deposition by this Kelvin wave, which is subject to radiative damping, would induce a westward mean-wind acceleration of ~0.3 m s?1 per Earth day. 相似文献
113.
114.
M. Satoh K. Oouchi T. Nasuno H. Taniguchi Y. Yamada H. Tomita C. Kodama J. Kinter D. Achuthavarier J. Manganello B. Cash T. Jung T. Palmer N. Wedi 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(9-10):2185-2206
Project Athena is an international collaboration testing the efficacy of high-resolution global climate models. We compare results from 7-km mesh experiments of the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) and 10-km mesh experiments of the Integrated Forecast System (IFS), focusing on the Intra-Seasonal Oscillation (ISO) and its relationship with tropical cyclones (TC) among the boreal summer period (21 May–31 Aug) of 8?years (2001–2002, 2004–2009). In the first month of simulation, both models capture the intra-seasonal oscillatory behavior of the Indian monsoon similar to the observed boreal summer ISO in approximately half of the 8-year samples. The IFS simulates the NW–SE-oriented rainband and the westerly location better, while NICAM marginally reproduces mesoscale organized convective systems and better simulates the northward migration of the westerly peak and precipitation, particularly in 2006. The reproducibility of the evolution of MJO depends on the given year; IFS simulates the MJO signal well for 2002, while NICAM simulates it well for 2006. An empirical orthogonal function analysis shows that both models statistically reproduce MJO signals similar to observations, with slightly better phase speed reproduced by NICAM. Stronger TCs are simulated in NICAM than in IFS, and NICAM shows a wind-pressure relation for TCs closer to observations. TC cyclogenesis is active during MJO phases 3 and 4 in NICAM as in observations. The results show the potential of high-resolution global atmospheric models in reproducing some aspects of the relationship between MJO and TCs and the statistical behavior of TCs. 相似文献
115.
Masahiro Watanabe Hideo Shiogama Masakazu Yoshimori Tomoo Ogura Tokuta Yokohata Hajime Okamoto Seita Emori Masahide Kimoto 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(7-8):1627-1641
To obtain physical insights into the response and feedback of low clouds (C l ) to global warming, ensemble 4?×?CO2 experiments were carried out with two climate models, the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC) versions 3.2 and 5. For quadrupling CO2, tropical-mean C l decreases, and hence, acts as positive feedback in MIROC3, whereas it increases and serves as negative feedback in MIROC5. Three time scales of tropical-mean C l change were identified—an initial adjustment without change in the global-mean surface air temperature, a slow response emerging after 10–20?years, and a fast response in between. The two models share common features for the former two changes in which C l decreases. The slow response reflects the variability of C l associated with the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation in the control integration, and may therefore be constrained by observations. However, the fast response is opposite in the two models and dominates the total response of C l . Its sign is determined by a subtle residual of the C l increase and decrease over the ascending and subsidence regions, respectively. The regional C l increase is consistent with a more frequent occurrence of a stable condition, and vice versa, as measured by lower-tropospheric stability (LTS). The above frequency change in LTS is similarly found in six other climate models despite a large difference in both the mean and the changes in the low-cloud fraction for a given LTS. This suggests that the response of the thermodynamic constraint for C l to increasing CO2 concentrations is a robust part of the climate change. 相似文献
116.
117.
Hideo Ishizuka 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1991,107(1):1-7
Pumpellyite occures in zeolite facies metabasites of the Horokanai ophiolite in the Kamuikotan zone, Hokkaido, Japan, filling
veins or amygdules, replacing igneous plagioclase or clinopyroxene or olivine, and occupying the matrix. Its composition and
pleochroism vary greatly even within a single sample, but appear to be related to its mode of occurrence. Thus, the most Al-rich
pumpellyite with pale green to green pleochroism develops in pseudomorphs after plagioclase, whereas the most Fe*-rich variety with deep green to brown pleochroism occurs in the matrix. In low-grade metamorphic rocks which commonly contain
relict minerals, chemical equilibrium is attained only locally. This results in the correlation of the composition of pumpellyite
with its mode of occurrence, such as the precursor phases which are replaced by pumpellyite. On the other hand, among pumpellyites
occurring in similar mode and coexisting with Ca-zeolite (laumontite or wairakite), epidote, chlorite and quartz, the Al content
tends to be enriched in the wairakite-bearing metabasites over the laumontite-bearing metabasites. It follows that the composition
of pumpellyite is also dependent upon the temperature of metamorphism. 相似文献
118.
A deep section of accretionary complex: Susunai Complex in Sakhalin Island, Northwest Pacific Margin
Gaku Kimura Masayuki Sakakibara Hisashi Ofuka Hideo Ishizuka Sumio Miyashita Makoto Okamura Olex A. Melinikov Vilera Lushchenko 《Island Arc》1992,1(1):166-175
Abstract A deep section of accretionary complex, the metamorphosed Susunai Complex, is observed on Sakhalin Is., Russia. High pressure part of pumpellyite-actinolite facies metavolcanics, metacherts and metapelites are well exposed and constitute a tectonic pile preserving primary structures related to underplating of the oceanic crust. Three stages of deformation, D1 through D3 , suggest successive deformation during subduction, underplating and exhumation of the complex. Oceanic material in the complex is more abundant than other well documented ancient accretionary complexes (e.g. the Shimanto Belt in southwest Japan and the Ghost Rocks Formation in Alaska), which were shallowly underplated. At Susunai, deep down-stepping of a décollément has scraped off the upper part of the oceanic crust, primarily the pillowed basalt horizon. This down-stepping results from crustal weakening as overpressured water is released from the fractured oceanic crust during metamorphism. 相似文献
119.
The thermal conductivity of NaCl, MgO, coesite and stishovite have been measured as a function of pressures up to 40 kbar (4 Gpa) at room temperature. Polycrystalline coesite and stishovite were synthesized under high pressures and temperatures at our laboratory. An improved version of the comparative method suitable for the thermal conductivity measurement of small samples under high pressures was designed. The zero-pressure values are 0.0189 and 0.0412 cal. cm?1 s?1 °C?1 for coesite and stishovite, respectively. The thermal conductivities were found to increase linearly with pressure, and the increase rates relative to their zero-pressure values were 3.1, 0.68, 0.39 and 0.90% per kbar for NaCl, MgO, coesite and stishovite, respectively. On the thermal conductivity of coesite, the pressure dependence is small and the zero-pressure value is almost the same as that of polycrystalline quartz. On the other hand, the zero-pressure value of stishovite is 2.2 times as large as that of coesite. 相似文献
120.
Bottom mud was collected from the upper and lower reaches of 92 rivers in Japan to determine the distribution of 0.5N-HCI-soluble
heavy metals. The average concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in the mud from the lower reaches were from two to three times
higher than those in the upper reaches. Japanese rivers were classified according to the degree of heavy metal pollution by
using the values of 0.5N-HCI-soluble metals in the lower reaches of rivers. The content of 0.5N-HCI-soluble heavy metals in
the mud of the upper reaches was used as the standard value. The classification of rivers was made by a cluster analysis according
to Euclidian distance. As a result, rivers in Japan could be classified into three groups based on the degree of metal pollution,
and the classification was in agreement with the pollution index. 相似文献