Karroo basalts from western Zambia and geochemical provinces in central and southern Africa     

Dr. John Ridgway  N. J. Money 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1981,70(3):868-873

New chemical analyses of Mesozoic basalts from Zambia show that low K₂O tholeiites are present in central as well as southern Africa. The distribution of geochemical provinces thus recognised supports the view that the Karroo Volcanic Cycle was initiated by the convective uprise of mantle material beneath the Nuanetsi area of Zimbabwe.

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Zusammenfassung Neue chemische Analysen mesozoischer Basalte von Zambia zeigen, da\ Tholeiite mit niedrigen Gehalten an K₂O sowohl in Zentralals auch in Südafrika vorkommen. Die auf diese Weise ermittelte Verbreitung geochemischer Provinzen unterstützt die Ansicht, da\ der Vulkanische Zyklus von Karroo durch den konvektiven Aufstieg von Mantelmaterial unter dem Gebiet von Nuanetsi Zimbabwes ausgelöst wurde.

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Résumé De nouvelles analyses chimiques de basaltes mésozoÎques de Zambie indiquent que des tholéiites à teneur basse en K₂O se présentent dans le centre aussi bien que dans le sud de l'Afrique. La distribution des provinces géochimiques ainsi reconnue confirme la théorie que »La Période Volcanique de Karoo« débuta par le soulèvement convectif du matériau du manteau sous la région de Nuanetsi en Zimbabwe.

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Occasional paper No. 75 Geological Survey of Zambia. Published by permission of the Director.

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Publishes with the approval of the Director, Institute of Geological Sciences (N.E.R.C.). U.K.  相似文献   

A problematical trace fossil from the New Red Sandstone of South Devon     

Jacqueline M. Ridgway 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》1974,85(4):511-IN6

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A spectral atlas of post-main-sequence stars in ω Centauri: kinematics, evolution, enrichment and interstellar medium     

Jacco Th. van Loon  Floor van Leeuwen  Barry Smalley  rew W. Smith  Nicola A. Lyons  Iain McDonald  Martha L. Boyer 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,382(3):1353-1374

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Simulation of Quiet-Sun Hard X-Rays Related to Solar Wind Superhalo Electrons     

Wen Wang  Linghua Wang  Säm Krucker  Iain Hannah 《Solar physics》2016,291(5):1357-1367

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Using satellite altimetry to correct mean temperature and salinity fields derived from Argo floats in the ocean regions around Australia     

K.R. Ridgway  J.R. Dunn 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2010,57(9):1137-1151

We present results from a suite of methods using in situ temperature and salinity data, and satellite altimetric observations to obtain an enhanced set of mean fields of temperature, salinity (down to 2000-m depth) and steric height (0/2000 m) for a time-specific period (1992–2007). Firstly, the improved global sampling resulting from the introduction of the Argo program, enables a representative determination of the large-scale mean oceanic structure. However, shortcomings in the coverage remain. High variability western boundary current eddy fields, continental slope and shelf boundaries may all be below their optimal sampling requirements. We describe a simple method to supplement and improve standard spatial interpolation schemes and apply them to the available data within the waters surrounding Australia (100°E–180°W; 50°S–10°N). This region includes a major current system, the East Australian Current (EAC), complex topography, unique boundary currents such as the Leeuwin Current, and large ENSO related interannual variability in the southwest Pacific. We use satellite altimetry sea level anomalies (SLA) to directly correct sampling errors in in situ derived mean surface steric height and subsurface temperature and salinity fields. The surface correction is projected through the water column (using an empirical model) to modify the mean subsurface temperature and salinity fields. The errors inherent in all these calculations are examined. The spatial distribution of the barotropic–baroclinic balance is obtained for the region and a ‘baroclinic factor’ to convert the altimetry SLA into an equivalent in situ height is determined. The mean fields in the EAC region are compared with independent estimates on repeated XBT sections, a mooring array and full-depth CTD transects.  相似文献   

Propagation of magnetoacoustic-gravity waves in a horizontally-stratified medium: IV. kinematics     

Iain McKaig  John A. Adam 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1993,202(2):259-271

A model magneto-atmosphere is used to discuss the behavior of the group velocity for magnetoacoustic-gravity (MAG) waves as a function of their angular frequency. The qualitative frequency/time history of a signal generated by a source differs significantly from the case where the magnetic field is zero, for which a clear distinction may be made between the acoustic and gravity components of the signal.  相似文献   

Metabasalts as sources of metals in orogenic gold deposits     

Iain K. Pitcairn  Dave Craw  Damon A. H. Teagle 《Mineralium Deposita》2015,50(3):373-390

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Achieving additional emission reductions under a cap-and-trade scheme     

Paul Twomey  Regina Betz  Iain MacGill 《Climate Policy》2013,13(4):424-439

Over the last decade, cap-and-trade emissions schemes have emerged as one of the favoured policy instruments for reducing GHG emissions. An inherent design feature of cap-and-trade schemes is that, once the cap on emissions has been set, no additional reductions beyond this level can be provided by the actions of those individuals, organizations and governments within the covered sectors. Thus, the emissions cap constitutes an emissions floor. This feature has been claimed by some to have undesirable implications, in that it discourages ethically motivated mitigation actions and preempts the possibility that local, state and national governments can take additional mitigation action in the context of weak national or regional targets. These criticisms have become prominent in Australia and the US within the public debate regarding the adoption of an emissions trading scheme (ETS). These criticisms and their potential solutions are reviewed. A set-aside reserve is proposed to automatically retire ETS permits, which would correspond to verified and additional emissions reductions. This minimizes the possibility that ethically motivated mitigation actions are discouraged, allows for additional action by other levels of government, while providing transparency to other market participants on the level of permit retirements.  相似文献   

Comparison of the Energy Spectra and Number Fluxes From a simple Flare Model to Observations     

Iain G. Hannah  Lyndsay Fletcher 《Solar physics》2006,236(1):59-74

In this paper, we investigate the energy spectra produced by a simple test particle X-point model of a solar flare for different configurations of the initial electromagnetic field. We find that once the reconnection electric field is larger than 1 Vm^-1 the particle distribution transits from a heated one to a partially accelerated one. As we close the separatrices of the X-point and the angle in the inflow direction widens we find that more particles are accelerated out of the thermal distribution and this power–law component extends to lower energies. When we introduce a guiding magnetic field component we find that more particles are energised, but only up to a maximum energy dictated primarily by the reconnection electric field. Despite being able to accelerate particles to observable energies and demonstrate behaviour in the energy spectra that is consistent with observations, this single X-line model can only deliver the number fluxes required for microflares.  相似文献   

Spectroscopic anatomy of a meteor trail cross section with the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope     

Peter Jenniskens  Emmanuel Jehin  Remi A. Cabanac  Christophe O. Laux  Iain D. Boyd 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2004,39(4):609-616

Abstract— A meteor spectrum was recorded serendipitously at the European Southern Obrervatory (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT) during a long exposure in long‐slit spectroscopic mode with FORS1. The ?8 magnitude fireball crossed the narrow 1Î × 7î slit during the observation of a high z supernova in normal service mode operation on May 12, 2002. The spectrum covered the range of 637–1050 nm, where the meteor's air plasma emissions from N₂, N, and O dominate. Carbon atom emission was not detected in the relatively unexplored wavelength range above 900 nm, but the observed upper limit was only 3 sigma less than expected from the dissociation of atmospheric CO₂. The meteor trail was resolved along the slit, and the emission had a Gaussian distribution with a dimension of FWHM = 7.0 (±0.4) * sin(α) * H (km)/90 m, where α is the unknown angle between the orientation of the meteor path and slit and H the assumed altitude of the meteor in km. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of a spatially resolved spectrum across a meteor trail. Unlike model predictions, the plasma excitation temperature varied only from about 4,300 to 4,365 K across the trail, based on the ratio of atomic and molecular nitrogen emissions. Unfortunately, we conclude that this was because the meteor at 100 km altitude was out of focus.  相似文献