Permeable Reactive Barrier for the treatment of contaminated surface water in Katedan industrial development area, Hyderabad, India     

Savitri Tripathi Vandana Parth Phani Homeshwari M. Vittal Babu N. Murthy N.N. Sorlie J.E. Govil P.K. 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):117-118

Permeable Reactive Barrier （PRB） is an emplacement of inert material （s） in the subsurface, designed to intercept a contaminated plume, provides a preferential flow path through the reactive media, and transforms the contaminant into environmentally acceptable forms to attain concentration remediation goals at the discharge of the barrier. The phenomena, which help in remediation within PRB, are adsorption/sorption, precipitation, oxidation/reduction and biodegradation. Various materials like zero-valent iron, zero-valent bi-metals, natural zeolites, organic carbon, fly ash, zeolites, limestone, activated alumina, apatites, etc. have been tried by many researchers to remove organic and inorganic contaminants. In USA, Canada, and many European countries commercial full-scale and pilot scale PRBs are successfully working. The design and installation of full scale PRBs needs laboratory treatability and dynamic flow column experiments？ The concept of PRB is being applied to treat contaminated surface water in the Katedan industrial area, Hyderabad, India. National Geophysical Research Institute （NGRI）, Hyderabad, India, conducted systematic studies in collaboration with Norwegian Geotechnical Institute （NGI）, Norway, to develop PRB technique to decontaminate the surface water pollution due to industrial effluent. A site assessment study in the Katedan Industrial Area, were carried out and water, soil and sediment from the lakes of the area were found to be polluted with high concentrations of heavy metals like As, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, etc. Adsorption studies at NGRI with synthetic samples and in-situ industrial effluent using different reactive media for removing contaminants like arsenic, chromium, cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc have been carried out and yielded satisfactory results. The performance of zero-valent iron and limestone is encouraging in removing As,  相似文献   

Characterization of cristobalite in ash and dome rock from the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat： Implications for respiratory health hazards     

Ben J. Williamson Claire J. Horwell 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):224-225

A link between the inhalation of respirable silicas （SiO2） and respiratory diseases such as silicosis is widely recognized. Ash from dome collapse eruptions on Montserrat has been found to contain high levels （〉20%） of silicas in the form of cristobalite, tridymite, quartz and/or amorphous silica. The toxicity of these silica polymorphs varies widely. Cristobalite and quartz （tridymite less well established） are viewed as carcinogenic to humans whereas amorphous silica generally shows a reduced biological response. In assessing the potential health effects of volcanic ash particulates it is vital to determine the types and concentration of silicas as well as their size （respirable fraction）, shape and surface properties. The aim of this study is to develop methods to assess potentially toxic respirable airborne silicas in the dome collapse ash （applicable to a range of ash types） and to develop a model to predict the levels and types of respirable silicas from future eruptions. The model is being developed by comparing dome rock with related ash from a series of previous eruption events. Mineralogical assessment using conventional scanning X-ray diffraction （XRD） was hampered by difficulties in differentiating characteristic peaks for cristobalite and tridymite in complex multi-component ash samples （containing high levels of plagioclase）. These difficulties have been largely overcome using an Enraf-Nonius PDS120 diffractometer with curved （120 degrees 20） position sensitive detector （PSD）. The determination of size, shape and elemental characteristics of ash particulate and dome rock samples has been carried out using automated analytical scanning electron microscopy. The quantification of mineral proportions using PSD-XRD was highly successful with an accuracy of 1 to 2 wt%. However, the determination of phase proportions using automated analytical SEM was problematic due to scattering effects and the multiphase nature of many of the particles.  相似文献   

Hydrogeochemical controls on surface and groundwater chemistry in naturally acidic, porphyry-related mineralized areas, southern Rocky Mountains     

Philip L. Verplanck D. Kirk Nordstrom Geoff S. Plumlee Richard B. Wanty Dana J. Bove Jonathan S. Caine 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):231-231

In southern Rocky Mountains, catchments characterized by acidic, metalliferous waters that are relatively unaffected by human activity usually occur within areas that have active or historical mining activity. The US Geological Survey has utilized these mineralized but unmined catchments to constrain geochemical processes that control the surface- and ground-water chemistry associated with near surface acid weathering as well as to estimate premining conditions. Study areas include the upper Animas River watershed, Lake City, Mt. Emmons, and Montezuma in Colorado and Questa in New Mexico. Although host-rock lithologies range from Precambrian gneisses to Cretaceous sedimentary units to Tertiary volcanic complexes, mineralization is Tertiary in age and associated with intermediate to felsic composition, porphyritic plutons. Pyrite is ubiquitous. Variability of metal concentrations in water is caused by two main factors： mineralogy and hydrology. Parameters that potentially affect water chemistry include： host-rock lithology, intensity of hydrothermal alteration, sulfide mineralogy and chemistry, gangue mineralogy, length of flow path, precipitation, evaporation, and redox conditions. Springs and headwater streams have pH values as low as 2.5, sulfate up to 3700 mg/L and high dissolved metal concentrations （for example： Al up to 170 mg/L; Fe up to 250 mg/L; Cu up to 3.5 mg/L and Zn up to 14 mg/L）. With the exception of evaporative waters, the lowest pH values and highest Fe and Al concentrations occur in water draining the most intense hydrothermally altered areas consisting of the mineral assemblage quartz-sericite-pyrite. Stream beds tend to be coated with iron floc, and some reaches are underlain by ferricrete. When iron-rich ground water interacts with oxygenated waters in the stream or hyporheic zone, ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric iron, which is less soluble, leading to the precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides.  相似文献   

美国地质调查局激光雷达应用新进展     

Queija V R  Stoker J M  Kosovich J J  梁欣廉 《测绘文摘》2005,(4)

随着激光雷达(Light detection and ranging,Lidar)技术的成熟,美国地质调查局(U.S.Geo-logical Survey,USGS)在这个方向开展了许多应用研究。科学家们正在发展表达、使用高分辨率Lidar数据的新型技术;同时,为方便公众获取相应信息,数据及提取信息的发布手段也在研究之中。以下通过几个实例做一简要介绍。1典型研究1.1数据分发建立国家地图集(National Map)的一个目标是向公众发布基础数字地理信息。该地图集的高程部分是通过USGS地球观测系统(EROS)数据中心的国家高程数据集(National ElevationDataset,NED)维护的。NED提供3种…  相似文献   

新疆博格达南缘后碰撞期陆内裂谷和水下滑塌构造   总被引：13，自引：10，他引：13  

舒良树  朱文斌王博　M. Faure　J. Charvet　D. Cluzel 《岩石学报》2005,21(1):25-36

本文较为系统地研究了哈密市七角井-车轱辘泉和乌鲁木齐市白杨沟地区晚古生代后碰撞期陆内裂谷和滑塌构造的几何学、岩石学和地球化学特征。研究表明,在博格达山南缘的七角井-车轱辘泉一带,玄武岩和流纹岩彼此互层产出,构成厚度较大的后碰撞期双峰式火山岩系,呈近东西方向平行造山带展布,堆积在早二叠世红色磨拉石之上;在白杨沟一带,后碰撞水下滑塌堆积岩与火山岩共存,构成一个厚1300m的滑塌构造剖面,由水下滑塌堆积岩夹双峰式火山岩带、枕状熔岩-气孔状玄武岩带和硅质、泥砂质岩带所组成。其底部以北东走向的拆离断层和晚石炭世灰岩、砂岩岩层接触。在岩石地球化学特征上,火山岩的SiO2含量在53%-67%之间出现间断,呈现双峰式火山岩的特点。其中,流纹岩SiO2平均71.65%,CaO2.15%,Na2O与K2O含量相近(3.2%-3.7%),含碱量>含钙量,ANKC值>1.1;轻稀土富集、稀土总量高,铕亏损,具明显Eu负异常。与之共生的玄武岩则以富硅贫碱为特征,SiO2平均51.05%,TiO2含量变化较大,轻稀土轻度富集,铕异常不明显,属拉斑系列玄武岩类。其特征和东非阿法尔裂谷的双峰式火山岩相近,反映陆内裂谷环境。对滑塌堆积岩带中的辉绿玢岩作锆石U-Pb测年,获289±5Ma年龄值,相当于二叠纪初期。从晚二迭叠世开始,全区处于相对稳定的剥蚀-堆积环境中,形成了厚度较大的磨拉石,并逐渐演化为三叠纪的准平原化环境。  相似文献   

工业革命以来青藏高原与南极冰芯高分辨率甲烷记录对比研究     

徐柏青  姚檀栋  Chappellaz J 《冰川冻土》2002,24(5):477-483

自工业革命以来全球大气CH4含量呈快速的增长趋势, 但达索普冰芯记录所显示的北半球中低纬度地区大气CH4增长的启动时间要晚于极地冰芯记录近100 a. 由于受北半球人类活动CH4排放、CH4在大气中的寿命及大气中CH4的传输等过程的影响, 最近150 a以来, 中低纬度大气CH4与南极大气CH4含量在不同的时段表现出不同的净积累量和增长速率, 且20世纪两次世界大战期间达索普冰芯记录明确显示出人类活动排放的减缓使大气CH4呈负增长. 对比研究认为, 到20世纪中叶人类活动的甲烷排放已达到极高值, 中低纬度大气中CH4增长率及年积累逐步趋于平稳且略有降低. 可以认定, 工业革命以来中低纬度地区大气CH4与南极大气CH4含量的变化在不同的时段在受控于人类活动影响的同时, CH4在大气中的行为和传输过程以及东亚中低纬度季风气候的影响决定了两地之间大气CH4含量变化存在显著的差异.  相似文献   

澳大利亚的第三纪及第三纪—第四纪过渡期(英文)     

J.R.DODSON A.RAMRATH 《地学前缘》2002,9(1):62-72

第三纪的板块运动驱动着澳大利亚的气候和植被进行演化。广布的湿润森林区是澳大利亚老第三纪的特征。一直到始新世 ,生物多样性都在不断地提高。毫无疑问 ,这是澳大利亚由高南纬区向北部中纬区运移的结果。从始新世到上新世 ,澳大利亚的气候总体上要比现在湿润 ,但降水量季节性变化的增强推动了中新世以后硬叶植物和旱生植物的发展。上新世晚期似乎与第四纪一样 ,都出现过周期性干旱。这种干旱与冰期条件有关 ,至少由南澳大利亚晚第四纪的记录可以认识到这一点 ,澳大利亚的这段历史与东亚的气候变迁是同步发生的。在东亚 ,印—澳板块的运动致使青藏高原抬升 ,从而引发了区内乃至全球气候的巨变。穿越赤道区的季风和信风的环流格局 ,致使新第三纪和第四纪中国与澳大利亚的气候系统的相关性更强。  相似文献   

新西兰阿瑟山口地震之谜2.余震分布及其与区域应力场和诱发应力场的关系     

R.Robinson  P.J.McGinty  万永革 《世界地震译丛》2002,(1):50-62

1994年M_W=6.7的阿瑟山口地震的余震分布对于逆冲断层事件是不寻常的,其实际断层面沿NNW方向扩展了12 km,SSE方向扩展了30 km,走向为NE-SW。我们运用几种方法反推此区域的应力场,其中包括大地测量结果、地震震源机制结果,并用P波偏振数据反演了应力张量的方向。反演方法是新的,并不需要所用事件的震源机制,方法中也考虑了库仑破裂准则。所有结果均表明应力场支持走滑断层而不是逆断层。应力场中几乎水平的σ_1和σ_3主轴走向分别为298°和28°。运用位错理论,我们计算了阿瑟山口地震及其最大余震(走滑事件)诱发的应力并叠加到区域应力场中。远离主震断层面的余震位置与最优取向断层面上诱发的库仑破裂应力高值区域有很好的对应关系。然而,有一些高诱发库仑破裂应力的区域缺乏余震。与其他地方的观测一样,倾斜(19°)板块收敛区域的地震滑动可以分解为平行和垂直于板块边界的分量。像发生在太平洋板块和澳大利亚板块边界的右旋阿尔卑斯断层上那样,大部分滑动是平行的。然而,像阿瑟山口地震那样的偶尔的逆断层事件至少可以解释滑动的某些垂直分量和南阿尔卑斯隆起的形成。  相似文献   

由兰德斯和赫克托矿地震的地震波触发的地震     

J．Gomberg P．A．Reasenberg P．Bodin R．A．Harris王宝善  阮爱国许忠淮 《世界地震译丛》2002,(3):23-27

加州1992年兰德斯7.3级地震和1999年赫克托矿7．1级地震的接近和相似允许人们对触发地震的假设进行检验，而这在以前是不可能的。赫克托矿地震证实了对兰德斯地震所提出的推断：瞬时、振荡的“动态”形变以地震波的形式辐射，能触发地震活动速率的增加(Hill，et al，1993；Anderson，et al，1994；Gomberg and Bodin，1994；Spudich，et al，1995；Gomberg，1996；Gomberg and Davis，1996)。在本文中，我们对地震活动速率的空间和时间变化(Matthews and Reasenberg，1988)进行了量化。在兰德斯地震的北部地震活动速率增加，而对赫克托矿地震这种增加主要发生在震中以南。我们认为破裂方向性分别使兰德斯和赫克托矿断层的北方和南方动态形变提高，这可以由地震波速度场的不对称性得到证明。对于触发作用，动态和静态应力变化都很重要，距离较远处动态应力变化起主要作用。峰值波速证明了动态触发闽值的存在，并约束了动态触发闽值的范围。在大多数地区，这个阈值依赖当地的条件，从零点几到几MPa变化，超过静态闽值一个量级以上。在某些地点触发过程直到动态形变平息了之后才开始。这些观测现象的物理机制可能与导致液化和循环疲劳的机理相似。  相似文献   

新形势下林区的就业机会与渠道     

Sara J.Scherr  Andy White  David Kaimowitz  王学全 《湿地科学与管理》2002,(4):33-38

我国实施“天然林保护工程”以来,林区人民积极转产分流,寻找新的就业门路和生计,为走出困境、改善生活做出了不懈的努力。为了进一步开阔视野,拓展思路,借鉴他国的经验,我们选刊了“国际森林趋势组织”的几篇关于寻找新的林区就业渠道和森林环境服务市场开发方面的研究文章,以期对我国的林业改革与建设有所启示。(注:这些文章已经“森林趋势组织”的执行主管Mivhael Jenkins先生同意译成中文在本刊刊登,本刊作了部分删节和改动。原文及参考文献请参阅森林趋势组织的网页:http://www. forest-trends. org)  相似文献