Descriptors of impulsive signal levels commonly used in underwateracoustics     

Marshall  W.J. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1996,21(1):108-110

Impulsive acoustic waveforms are characterized by a different set of derived quantities than are continuous waveforms. This note presents commonly accepted definitions, units, and symbols used to describe the magnitude of impulsive underwater signals  相似文献   

Observation and preliminary analysis of a recent Jovian satellite phenomenon     

Allen  W. H.  Budding  E. 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1986,35(1):73-77

The occultation of Io by Ganymede as observed on 10 June 1985 is reported. The middle of the occultation minimum was found to occur at 14h 14m 5.7s UT. In the plane perpendicular to the line of sight the centres of the two satellite disks passed to within ~ 2530 km of each other, at a relative velocity, in this plane, of about 11 kms^–1. The values of these last two quantities, however, depend on what assumptions are made about the light distribution over io's disk.  相似文献   

Type II bursts of different subclasses associated to transients and mass ejection in the higher corona     

H. W. Urbarz 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1996,243(1):203-207

The list of mass ejections published in Solar Geophysical Data during the period of Jan. 1981 to Oct. 1987 contains about 1300 Surges, Sprays and Type II bursts. The relationship between the mass ejection events and the shock front events is investigated by means of correlation of time and position. The result shows that type II bursts start as frequently after the mass ejections as prior to them.  相似文献   

Flows in clumpy planetary nebulae     

T. W. Hartquist  J. E. Dyson 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1996,245(2):263-273

The dynamics of clumps observed in planetary nebulae are considered. The possibility that SiO maser spots in evolved stars and the planetary nebula clumps are formed by the Parker instability behind shocks in pulsating stars' atmospheres is raised. Molecular observations of the clumps are suggested. The effects of the ablation of clumps on the global flow structure of a more tenuous plasma in which they are embedded are reviewed.  相似文献   

The tidal stripping of satellites     

J. I. Read  M. I. Wilkinson  N. W. Evans  G. Gilmore  Jan T. Kleyna 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,366(2):429-437

We present an improved analytic calculation for the tidal radius of satellites and test our results against N -body simulations.
The tidal radius in general depends upon four factors: the potential of the host galaxy, the potential of the satellite, the orbit of the satellite and the orbit of the star within the satellite . We demonstrate that this last point is critical and suggest using three tidal radii to cover the range of orbits of stars within the satellite. In this way we show explicitly that prograde star orbits will be more easily stripped than radial orbits; while radial orbits are more easily stripped than retrograde ones. This result has previously been established by several authors numerically, but can now be understood analytically. For point mass, power-law (which includes the isothermal sphere), and a restricted class of split power-law potentials our solution is fully analytic. For more general potentials, we provide an equation which may be rapidly solved numerically.
Over short times (≲1–2 Gyr ∼1 satellite orbit), we find excellent agreement between our analytic and numerical models. Over longer times, star orbits within the satellite are transformed by the tidal field of the host galaxy. In a Hubble time, this causes a convergence of the three limiting tidal radii towards the prograde stripping radius. Beyond the prograde stripping radius, the velocity dispersion will be tangentially anisotropic.  相似文献   

Comet formation in molecular clouds     

S.V.M. Clube  W.M. Napier 《Icarus》1985,62(3):384-388

The observed properties of the long-period comet system, and its periodic disturbance by galactic forces manifesting as terrestrial impact episodes, may be indicative of a comet capture/escape cycle as the Solar System orbits the Galaxy. A mean number density of comets in molecular clouds of ～10^?1±1 AU^?3 is implied. This is sufficient to deplete metals from the gaseous component of the interstellar medium, as observed, but leads to the problem of how stars are formed nevertheless with solar metal abundances. Formation of comets prior to stars in dense systems of near-zero energy may be indicated, and isotope signatures in cometary particles may be diagnostic of conditions in young spiral arm material.  相似文献   

A simple model for lensing by black holes in galactic nuclei     

M. C. Werner  N. W. Evans 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,368(3):1362-1368

The lensing properties of the Plummer model with a central point mass and external shear are derived, including the image multiplicities, critical curves and caustics. This provides a simple model for a flattened galaxy with a central supermassive black hole. For the Plummer model with black hole, the maximum number of images is four, provided the black hole mass is less than an upper bound which is calculated analytically. This introduces a method to constrain black hole masses by counting images, thus applicable at cosmological distance. With shear, the maximum number of images is six and we illustrate the occurrence of an astroid caustic and two metamorphoses.  相似文献   

The effect of particle size and porosity on spectral contrast in the mid-infrared     

John W. Salisbury  John W. Eastes 《Icarus》1985,64(3):586-588

Contrary to previous work, we find that the decreasing intensity of fundamental molecular vibration bands with decreasing particle size is due primarily to increasing porosity of the finer particle size ranges, rather than to particle size per se. This implies that laser reflectance measurements from orbiting spacecraft should avoid loss of spectral contrast for fine particulate surfaces, because such measurements near zero phase angle will benefit from the opposition effect.  相似文献   

The intracluster iron distribution around 4C+55.16     

K. Iwasawa  A.C. Fabian  S.W. Allen  S. Ettori 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,328(1):L5-L10

We report on the metal distribution in the intracluster medium around the radio galaxy 4C+55.16     observed with the Chandra X-ray Observatory . The radial metallicity profile shows a dramatic change at 10 arcsec (∼50 kpc) in radius from half solar to twice solar at inner radii. Also found was a plume-like feature located at ∼3 arcsec to the south-west of the centre of the galaxy, which is mostly accounted for by a strong enhancement of iron L emission. The X-ray spectrum of the plume is characterized by the metal abundance pattern of Type Ia supernovae (SNeIa), i.e. large ratios of Fe to α elements, with the iron metallicity being unusually high at     solar (90 per cent error). How the plume has been formed is not entirely clear. The inhomogeneous iron distribution suggested in this cluster provides important clues to understanding the metal enrichment process of the cluster medium.  相似文献   

Dissolution and depletion of ferromagnesian minerals from Holocene tephra layers in an acid bog,New Zealand,and implications for tephra correlation     

A. P. W. Hodder  P. J. De Lange  D. J. Lowe 《第四纪科学杂志》1991,6(3):195-208

This study examines the depletion of ferromagnesian silicate minerals from a sequence of thin, distal, mainly rhyolitic tephra layers of Holocene age preserved in an acid peat bog (Kopouatai), North Island, New Zealand. The rate of such depletion has been fast, as indicated by the complete loss of biotite from one tephra layer (Kaharoa Tephra), in which it is normally dominant, in only ca. 770 yr. Chemical dissolution is advocated as the likely cause for the depletion, with amphiboles and other mineral grains commonly showing etch pits, microcaves, and other characteristic surface solution features. Theoretical thermodynamic and kinetic models show a marked increase in the rate of dissolution of all ferromagnesian minerals under conditions of low pH (< 4), but that where silica concentrations in solution are high the relative proportions of minerals remaining are unaffected. However, where concentrations of dissolved silica are low, as in most bog environments, the relative proportions of ferromagnesian minerals are affected as well as absolute amounts being decreased. Amphiboles are depleted relative to pyroxenes, consistent with kinetic studies. The results show that the identification and correlation of tephras on the basis of relative abundances of ferromagnesian minerals alone may be unreliable, and emphasise the need to use multiple criteria in such studies.  相似文献