Evaluation of the seismic performance of a three‐story ordinary moment‐resisting concrete frame     

Sang Whan Han  Oh‐Sung Kwon  Li‐Hyung Lee 《地震工程与结构动力学》2004,33(6):669-685

This study focuses on the seismic performance of Ordinary Moment‐Resisting Concrete Frames (OMRCF) designed only for gravity loads. For this purpose, a 3‐story OMRCF was designed in compliance with the minimum design requirements in the American Concrete Institute Building Code ACI 318 (1999). This model frame was a regular structure with flexure‐dominated response. A 1/3‐scale 3‐story model was constructed and tested under quasi‐static reversed cyclic lateral loading. The overall behavior of the OMRCF was quite stable without abrupt strength degradation. The measured base shear strength was larger than the design base shear force for seismic zones 1, 2A and 2B calculated using UBC 1997. Moreover, this study used the capacity spectrum method to evaluate the seismic performance of the frame. The capacity curve was obtained from the experimental results for the specimen and the demand curve was established using the earthquake ground motions recorded at various stations with different soil conditions. Evaluation of the test results shows that the 3‐story OMRCF can resist design seismic loads of zones 1, 2A, 2B, 3 and 4 with soil types S_A and S_B . For soil type S_C , the specimen was satisfactory in seismic zones 1, 2A, 2B and 3. For soil type S_D , the OMRCF was only satisfactory for seismic zones 1 and 2A. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Hybrid seismic protection of cable‐stayed bridges     

H.‐J. Jung  K.‐S. Park  B. F. Spencer  I.‐W. Lee 《地震工程与结构动力学》2004,33(7):795-820

This paper proposes a hybrid control strategy combining passive and semi‐active control systems for seismic protection of cable‐stayed bridges. The efficacy of this control strategy is verified by examining the ASCE first‐generation benchmark problem for a seismically excited cable‐stayed bridge, which employs a three‐dimensional linearized evaluation bridge model as a testbed structure. Herein, conventional lead–rubber bearings are introduced as base isolation devices, and semi‐active dampers (e.g., variable orifice damper, controllable fluid damper, etc.) are considered as supplemental damping devices. For the semi‐active dampers, a clipped‐optimal control algorithm, shown to perform well in previous studies involving controllable dampers, is considered. Because the semi‐active damper is a controllable energy‐dissipation device that cannot add mechanical energy to the structural system, the proposed hybrid control strategy is fail‐safe in that the bounded‐input, bounded‐output stability of the controlled structure is guaranteed. Numerical simulation results show that the performance of the proposed hybrid control strategy is quite effective in protecting seismically excited cable‐stayed bridges. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Nested lumped‐parameter models for foundation vibrations     

Wen-Hwa Wu  Wen-How Lee 《地震工程与结构动力学》2004,33(9):1051-1058

The concept of polynomial‐fraction approximation is explored in this article to develop a nested type of systematic lumped‐parameter model for unbounded soil. Based on the optimal coefficients determined from the flexibility formulation, the reciprocal of the polynomial‐fraction is first taken to represent the dynamic stiffness function of foundation and then decomposed into a linear polynomial and another polynomial‐fraction. The nested division introduced in this study is operated to generate a nested form for this decomposed polynomial‐fraction, which directly corresponds to a nested discrete‐element model. The nested type of lumped‐parameter model is then easily constructed by connecting this nested discrete‐element model in series with another simple discrete‐element model corresponding to the linear polynomial. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A series solution for surface motion ampli-fication due to underground group cavities: Incident P waves     

梁建文  张浩  Vincent W Lee 《地震学报(英文版)》2004,17(3):296-307

Introduction In recent years some big cities in China commonly build subways in central urban areas to improve crowded surface transportation, and the subways usually are large-scale group cavities composed by two parallel cavities. Construction of large-scale group cavities will certainly affect the design ground motion near the cavities, and further affect seismic safety of the existing build-ings nearby. So it is of significance to estimate this effect on seismic design of the buildings. H…  相似文献   

Advances in meteorological instrumentation for air quality and emergency response     

W. F. Dabberdt  G. L. Frederick  R. M. Hardesty  W.-C. Lee  K. Underwood 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2004,87(1-3):57-88

Summary Air quality forecasting and emergency response are receiving increasing emphasis in the US and elsewhere; both share similar but not identical needs for advanced meteorological observations. At the same time, there has been a steady increase in the performance characteristics of ground-based remote sensing systems as well as ground-based and airborne in situ measurement systems. The structure of the planetary boundary layer is summarized in the context of implications for transport and diffusion, along with the measurement requirements for dispersion modeling. We then review the current state-of-the-art of operational and quasi-operational measurement systems with a focus on boundary layer measurements. Measurement systems discussed include: meteorological radar, radar wind profilers, radio acoustic sounding systems, lidar, sodar, GPS receivers, microwave radiometers, radiosonde systems, commercial aircraft measurements, and traditional near-surface in situ sensors.  相似文献   

Mechanisms of weathering of meteorites recovered from hot and cold deserts and the formation of phyllosilicates     

Martin R. Lee  Philip A. Bland 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(4):893-916

Petrographic, mineralogical and chemical analysis of naturally weathered equilibrated ordinary chondrites collected from ‘ hot’ deserts and Antarctica has revealed striking similarities and also pronounced differences in weathering between the two environments. Terrestrial weathering in all meteorites studied is dominated by oxidation and hydration of Fe,Ni metal, producing Fe-oxides and oxyhydroxides that have partially replaced the metal grains and have also occluded primary intergranular pores to form veins. Troilite weathers readily in ‘ hot’ desert environments but undergoes very little alteration under Antarctic conditions. Most of the primary porosity of ordinary chondrites has been occluded by the time that ∼ 15 to 25% of the initial Fe⁰ and Fe²⁺ has been oxidised to Fe³⁺ in both environments. Results from modelling the volume changes upon alteration of primary minerals to a range of weathering products demonstrates that the primary porosity of most meteorites is sufficient to accommodate weathering products. Dilation of primary pores and brecciation, which has been observed in parts of some meteorites, will only occur if the meteorite is especially metal-rich, or has a low primary porosity. These weathering products are absent from recent falls but have formed in a fall after ∼ 100 yr of museum storage.Cl-bearing akaganéite and hibbingite are common weathering products in Antarctic finds but occur in abundance in only one ‘ hot’ desert meteorite, Daraj 014. The majority of Fe-rich weathering products in meteorites from both environments contain low, but variable concentrations of Si, Mg and Ca. In most meteorites a proportion of these elements are inferred to be present as a very finely crystalline mineral with a ∼ 1.0-nm lattice fringe spacing; where seen within intragranular fractures this mineral has a topotactic relationship with olivine and orthopyroxene. In the heavily-weathered Antarctic finds ALHA 78045 and 77002, Si is concentrated in cronstedtite, a Fe-rich phyllosilicate. An unidentified hydrous Si-Fe-Ni-Mg mineral or gel has also partially replaced taenite in ALHA 78045. In addition to Fe-rich weathering products, ‘ hot’ desert meteorites contain sulphates, Ca-carbonate and silica, whereas such minerals are largely absent from Antarctic finds. The abundance of silicate weathering products in Antarctic meteorites is unexpected and indicates that olivine and pyroxene undergo significant chemical weathering in these environments. As preterrestrial cronstedtite is abundant in CM2 carbonaceous chondrites, the Antarctic environment may be a powerful analog for aqueous alteration in the asteroidal parent bodies of primitive meteorites.  相似文献   

Habitat requirements for submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay: Water quality, light regime, and physical-chemical factors   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

W. Michael Kemp  Richard Batleson  Peter Bergstrom  Virginia Carter  Charles L. Gallegos  William Hunley  Lee Karrh  Evamaria W. Koch  Jurate M. Landwehr  Kenneth A. Moore  Laura Murray  Michael Naylor  Nancy B. Rybicki  J. Court Stevenson  David J. Wilcox 《Estuaries and Coasts》2004,27(3):363-377

We developed an algorithm for calculating habitat suitability for seagrasses and related submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) at coastal sites where monitoring data are available for five water quality variables that govern light availability at the leaf surface. We developed independent estimates of the minimum light required for SAV survival both as a percentage of surface light passing though the water column to the depth of SAV growth (PLW _min) and as a percentage of light reaching reaching leaves through the epiphyte layer (PLL _min). Value were computed by applying, as inputs to this algorithm, statistically dervived values for water quality variables that correspond to thresholds for SAV presence in Chesapeake Bay. These estimates ofPLW _min andPLL _min compared well with the values established from a literature review. Calcultations account for tidal range, and total light attenuation is partitioned into water column and epiphyte contributions. Water column attenuation is further partitioned into effects of chlorophylla (chla), total suspended solids (TSS) and other substances. We used this algorithm to predict potential SAV presence throughout the Bay where calculated light available at plant leaves exceededPLL _min. Predictions closely matched results of aerial photographic monitoring surveys of SAV distribution. Correspondence between predictions and observations was particularly strong in the mesohaline and polythaline regions, which contain 75–80% of all potential SAV sites in this estuary. The method also allows for independent assessment of effects of physical and chemical factors other than light in limiting SAV growth and survival. Although this algorithm was developed with data from Chesapeake Bay, its general structure allows it to be calibrated and used as a quantitative tool for applying water quality data to define suitability of specific sites as habitats for SAV survival in diverse coastal environments worldwide.  相似文献   

Electromagnetic fields in a steel-cased borehole   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ki Ha Lee  Hee Joon Kim  Toshihiro Uchida 《Geophysical Prospecting》2005,53(1):13-21

The development of an electromagnetic numerical modelling scheme for a magnetic dipole in an arbitrary casing segment in an inhomogeneous conductivity background has been difficult, due to the very high electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability contrasts between the steel casing and the background medium. To investigate the effect of steel casing efficiently, we have developed an accurate but simple finite‐element modelling scheme to simulate electromagnetic fields in a medium of cylindrically symmetric conductivity structures. In order to preserve the cylindrical symmetry in the resulting electromagnetic fields, a horizontal loop current source is used throughout. One of the main advantages of the approach is that the problem is scalar when formulated using the azimuthal electric field, even if the casing is both electrically conductive and magnetically permeable. Field calculations have been made inside the cased borehole as well as in another borehole which is not cased. Careful analyses of the numerical modelling results indicate that the anomaly observed in a cross‐borehole configuration is sensitive enough to be used for tomographic imaging.  相似文献   

The Devonian–Lower Carboniferous succession in Northwest Peninsular Malaysia     

Hakif Hassan Meor  Chai Peng Lee 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2005,24(6):719

A new stratigraphic nomenclature is proposed for the approximately 600 m thick, mainly clastic transitional sequence between the underlying Mempelam Limestone and overlying Kubang Pasu/Singa Formation in northwest Peninsular Malaysia. This sequence represents shallow marine deposits of the continental margin of the Sibumasu Terrane during the Middle Palaeozoic (Devonian–Carboniferous). It is separated into several formations. The Timah Tasoh Formation is an approximately 76 m sequence consisting of 40 m of laminated tentaculitid shales at the base, containing Monograptus yukonensis Jackson and Lenz and Nowakia (Turkestanella) acuaria Alberti, giving an Early Devonian (Pragian–Emsian) age, and about 36 m of rhythmically interbedded, light coloured argillo-arenites. The Chepor Formation is about 90 m thick and consists mainly of thick red mudstone interbedded with sandstone beds, of Middle to Late Devonian age. A new limestone unit is recognized and named the Sanai Limestone, which contains conodonts of Famennian age. The Binjal Formation consists of red and white mudstone interbedded with sandstone beds showing Bouma sequences. The Telaga Jatoh Formation is 9 m thick and consists mainly of radiolarian chert. The Wang Kelian Formation is composed of thick red mudstone beds interbedded with silty sandstone, and contain fossils indicative of an Early Carboniferous (Visean) age. The succession was deposited on the outer shelf, with depositional environments vertically fluctuating from prodelta to basinal marine. The Devonian–Carboniferous boundary is exposed at Hutan Aji and Kampung Guar Jentik, and indicates a major regressive event during the latest Devonian.  相似文献   

Hydrochemistry of urban groundwater in Seoul, South Korea: effects of land-use and pollutant recharge   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Byoung-Young Choi  Seong-Taek Yun  Soon-Young Yu  Pyeong-Koo Lee  Seong-Sook Park  Gi-Tak Chae  Bernhard Mayer 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(8):979-990

The ionic and isotopic compositions (δD, δ¹⁸O, and ³H) of urban groundwaters have been monitored in Seoul to examine the water quality in relation to land-use. High tritium contents (6.1–12.0 TU) and the absence of spatial/seasonal change of O–H isotope data indicate that groundwaters are well mixed within aquifers with recently recharged waters of high contamination susceptibility. Statistical analyses show a spatial variation of major ions in relation to land-use type. The major ion concentrations tend to increase with anthropogenic contamination, due to the local pollutants recharge. The TDS concentration appears to be a useful contamination indicator, as it generally increases by the order of forested green zone (average 151 mg/l), agricultural area, residential area, traffic area, and industrialized area (average 585 mg/l). With the increased anthropogenic contamination, the groundwater chemistry changes from a Ca–HCO₃ type toward a Ca–Cl(+NO₃) type. The source and behavior of major ions are discussed and the hydrochemical backgrounds are proposed as the basis of a groundwater management plan.  相似文献