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121.
A laboratory experiment was performed to investigate mixing across a density interface which separates two turbulent fluid layers and coexists with a stabilizing buoyancy flux. It was found that the buoyancy flux (q0) across the interface and through the turbulent layers (of depth D) becomes steady and constant in magnitude in the vertical direction, only when
, where u is the horizontal r.m.s. velocity at the base of the mixed layers. The results suggest that mixing across the density interface is controlled by a dynamically important buoyancy gradient induced in the turbulent layers and that parameters such as the bulk Richardson number,
, where Δb is the interfacial buoyancy jump, are of secondary importance. Measurements are used to infer the mixing mechanism at the interface, the mixing efficiency of stratified fluids and the entrainment law. Some geophysical applications of the results are also discussed. 相似文献
122.
利用1964—1983年冬季无云条件下的太阳辐射资料分析发现,1982年3月底至4月初,墨西哥El Chichón(厄·奇冲)火山爆发后,对到达地球表面的太阳直接辐射、散射辐射以及总辐射产生了显著和持续的影响。这种影响特征与近百年来的几次巨大火山爆发所引起的辐射效应是一致的,这主要是因为火山气溶胶对太阳辐射的强大反向散射和吸收作用,改变了大气透明度所造成的。 相似文献
123.
Bruce N. Bjornstad James P. McKinley Todd O. Stevens Shirley A. Rawson James K. Fredrickson Philip E. Long 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1994,14(4):140-147
Hydrogen gas was discovered within the steel casing above standing water in a percussion-drilled borehole on the Hanlord Site in south-central Washington state. In situ measurements of the borehole fluids indicated anoxic, low-Eh (<-400 mV) conditions. Ground water sampled from adjacent wells in the same formation indicated that the ground water was oxygenated. H2 was generated during percussion drilling, due to the decomposition of borehole waters as a result of aqueous reactions with drilled sediment and steel from the drilling tools or casing. The generation of H2 within percussion-drilled boreholes that extend below the water table may be more common than previously realized. The ambient concentration of H2 produced during drilling was limited by microbial activity within the casing-resident fluids. H2 was generated abiotically in the laboratory, whereby sterilized borehole slurry samples produced 100 times more H2 than unsterilizcd samples. It appears that H2 is metabolized by microorganisms and concentrations might be significantly greater if not for microbial metabolism. 相似文献
124.
We have fitted field measurements of fracture spacings (from the vicinity of Lake Strom Thurmond, Georgia, U.S.A.) to the Weibull, Schuhmann and fractal distributions. The fracture spacings follow a fractal and Weibull distribution which implies that they were formed as a result of a repetitive fragmentation process. The limited variation of the fracture density with orientation in the study area suggests that the stress distribution generating these fractures may be uniform. 相似文献
125.
126.
Renjie Zhao Quanshu Yan Haitao Zhang Yili Guan Zhenmin Ge Long Yuan Shishuai Yan 《地球科学进展》1986,35(8):789-803
Subducted sediments play an important role in crust-mantle interaction and deep mantle processes, especially for subduction zone magmatism and mantle geochemistry. The current rate of Global Subducting Sediments (GLOSS) is 0.5~0.7 km3/a. The GLOSS are composed of terrigenous material(76 wt.%), calcium carbonate(7 wt.%), opal(10 wt.%) and mineral-bound H2O+(7 wt.%). The chemical compositions of GLOSS are similar to those of upper continental crust which is mainly controlled by the terrigenous materials, and yet the materials formed by marine processes will dilute the terrigenous materials. The components of subducted sediments are different among trenches. In the accretionary margin, the components of subducted sediments are similar to those of the upper crust, while in the non-accretionary margin the components are terrigenous materials plus those produced by marine processes. During subduction, subducted sediments will released fluids, melt or supercritical fluid to affect island arc/back-arc basin magmatism by means of aqueous fluid or sediment melt. In addition, a part of subducted sediments, together with underlying altered oceanic crust/lithosphere, recycle into the mantle and contribute to the mantle heterogeneity. Geochemical tracers indicate that subducted sediments play variable contributions to the magmatic processes in different tectonic setting. Thus, subducted sediments play an important role in two relatively independent dynamics systems (plate tectonics and mantle plume), as well as related mantle evolution models. As a result, by accurately calculating the compositions of subduction sediments and using various geochemical indicators, we can further limit the input and output fluxes of various elements or isotopes, and then obtain more accurately residual subducted components, which can provide us some important clues for geodynamic process. 相似文献
127.
Leon E. Long Alcides N. Sial Hanna Nekvasil Glicia S. Borba 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,92(3):341-350
A 4 km2 exposure of shallowly-emplaced leucogranite on the Atlantic coast at Cabo de Santo Agostinho, 30 km south of Recife, Brazil has been extensively studied chemically and isotopically. Twenty-three major-element analyses indicate that the Cabo granite ranges from peralkaline to peraluminous; Na2O+K2O is very high (7.4 to 10.4 wt.%), with CaO low (0.3%) and MgO vanishing (<0.06%). Microprobe analyses confirm the presence of arfvedsonite (biotite absent), and nearly total absence of plagioclase. The rocks are moderately to highly enriched in LREE (La 45 to 350 times chondritic), with extremely pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.02 to 0.07). Whole-rock
18O is consistent at +8.5±0.3%.oSMOW A Rb-Sr isochron age of isotopically slightly disturbed samples is 104.8±1.8 Ma, with initial87Sr/86Sr=0.7084±0.0011. Sr is depleted (2–20 ppm) but Ba is 200–750 ppm.Crystallization path calculations and petrographic observations suggest that magma formed at a pressure close to 6 kbar but rose to a crustal level equivalent to roughly 1 kbar. Quartz, the liquidus phase at moderate H2O concentrations and pressures above 2 kbar, was resorbed during decompression as the magma moved upwards. Ultimately, quartz and alkali feldspar coprecipitated. Feldspar was not retained in the source rock nor removed early from the fractionating magma. Therefore the strong negative Eu anomaly and low Sr abundance are characteristics inherited from the source. A high H2O concentration necessary for a large degree of melting was lacking, hence the Cabo magma composition must reflect a small degree of partial melting of a rather quartz-rich rock such as a feldspathic arenite.In a pre-drift reconstruction of Gondwanaland, the Cabo granite fits on the southernmost and youngest end of the trend of the Niger-Nigerian igneous centers with which it has close affinity. The Cabo granite occupies the western end of the trace of the ancestral Ascension mantle plume which presumably served as the heat source. 相似文献
128.
临涣矿区水化学特征及在矿井水源判别中的意义 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
通过分析、比较临涣矿区三个地下水子系统的水文地球化学特征得出,这三个子系统在水溶标型发及少、微量元素的含量上无明显差别,表明各子系统间存在水力联系,而环境同位素氘和^18O分析则是解决矿井水来源判别的有效方法。 相似文献
129.
滇西实验场两次中强地震前后尾波衰减的区域特征分析 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
本文在地方震尾波散理论模式的基础上,研究了1992年12月发生在滇西地震预报实验场永胜期纳地区的两次Ms5.4,5.1地震前后的序列地震尾波振幅衰减率β和尾波Q^-1值随时间和空间变化的衰减特征。结果表明,尾波衰减率在空间分布上表现出明显的小区域范围的非均匀性,在主震震中附近的近场区内,主震期间的β值是0.0076s^-1,相应的Qc^-1值是0.0056;余震期间的β值是0.0209s^-1,相 相似文献
130.
Mercury contribution to an adirondack lake 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Elevated copper, lead, and zinc concentrations in the upper 10 to 20 cm of sediment sampled from Cranberry Lake, a large Adirondack
lake, are attributed to atmospheric contributions. Pb-210 and pollen core data, however, suggest Cranberry Lake also received
mercury discharges during the turn of the century when the area was the center of extensive lumbering and related activities.
Elevated mercury concentrations in Cranberry Lake smallmouth bass derived from remobilization from mercury-contaminated bottom
sediments which increased the bioavailability to Cranberry Lake organisms. Mercury remobilization and accumulation by fish
are promoted by fluctuating pH values resulting from acid precipilation. 相似文献