Faulting parameters of earthquakes in the New Madrid, Missouri, region     

Robert B. Herrmann  Charles J. Ammon 《Engineering Geology》1997,46(3-4):299-311

The advent of high-resolution digital seismic recording and advances in computer technology enable the combination of traditional regional seismic network observations with direct seismogram modeling to improve estimates of small earthquake faulting geometry, depth, and size. We illustrate a combined modeling approach using observations from three earthquakes that occurred within the environs of the New Madrid Seismic Zone: two Missouri earthquakes from September 26, 1990 and May 4, 1991; and the southern Illinois earthquake of February 5, 1994. We also re-examine the faulting geometry for two events from the 1960s that are inconsistent with the current estimate of the regional stress field. Based on direct modeling of the long-period seismograms associated with these events, we revise earlier estimates of the earthquake parameters for the March 3, 1963 and July 21, 1967 Missouri earthquakes. Comparing the new and revised results with existing earthquake mechanisms in the region, we find that tension-axes are generally aligned in a N-S to NW-SE direction, while the compression-axes trend in a NE to E direction. An interesting exception to this pattern are the March 3, 1963 and two nearby earthquakes that lie within a well-defined 30-km long left step in seismicity near New Madrid.  相似文献   

Structure and dynamics of land-use in Metropolitan regions: the example of Leipzig     

Prof. Dr. H. Usbeck  Dr. H. Herrmann  Dr. F. Leistner 《GeoJournal》1990,22(2):143-151

In this paper general trends of the land-use structure dynamics in the metropolitan region of Leipzig are shown. Specific problems of the space-time dynamics of land-use are discussed, such as the core-fringe gradient in the land-use pattern, the multiple use of land, function-location relations and the role of functional areas for land-use planning.  相似文献   

PRESEMO a predictive model of codend selectivity a tool for fishery managers     

O'Neill  F. G.; Herrmann  B. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2007,64(8):1558-1568

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A review of: “Quantitative hydrogeology—groundwater hydrology for engineers”     

Reimer Herrmann 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(4):351-352

Abstract

by Ghislain de Marsily, Academic Press, vii+440 pp. U.S. $29.95 (ISBN 0-12-208916-2) 1986.  相似文献   

Ecohydrological responses to surface flow across borders: Two decades of changes in vegetation greenness and water use in the riparian corridor of the Colorado River delta     

Pamela L. Nagler  Armando Barreto-Muñoz  Sattar Chavoshi Borujeni  Christopher J. Jarchow  Martha M. Gómez-Sapiens  Hamideh Nouri  Stefanie M. Herrmann  Kamel Didan 《水文研究》2020,34(25):4851-4883

Hydrological and bioclimatic processes that lead to drought may stress plants and wildlife, restructure plant community type and architecture, increase monotypic stands and bare soils, facilitate the invasion of non-native plant species and accelerate soil erosion. Our study focuses on the impact of a paucity of Colorado River surface flows from the United States (U.S.) to Mexico. We measured change in riparian plant greenness and water use over the past two decades using remotely sensed measurements of vegetation index (VI), evapotranspiration (ET) and a new annualized phenology assessment metric (PAM) for ET. We measure these long-term (2000–2019) metrics and their short-term (2014–2019) response to an environmental pulse flow in 2014, as prescribed under Minute 319 of the 1944 Water Treaty between the two nations. In subsequent years, small-directed flows were provided to restoration areas under Minute 323. We use 250 m MODIS and 30 m Landsat imagery to evaluate three vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI, EVI2). We select EVI2 to parameterize an optical-based ET algorithm and test the relationship between ET from Landsat and MODIS by regression approaches. Our analyses show significant decreases in VIs and ET for both the 20-year and post-pulse 5-year periods. Over the last 20 years, EVI _Landsat declined 34% (30% by EVI_MODIS) and ET_Landsat-EVI declined 38% (27% by ET_MODIS-EVI), overall ca. 1.61 mm/day or 476 mm/year drop in ET; using PAM ET_Landsat-EVI the drop was from 1130 to 654 mm/year. Over the 5 years since the 2014 pulse flow, EVI_Landsat declined 20% (13% by EVI_MODIS) and ET_Landsat-EVI declined 23% (4% by ET_MODIS-EVI) with a 0.77 mm/day or a 209 mm/year 5-year drop in ET; using PAM ET_Landsat-EVI the drop was from 863 to 654 mm/year. Data and change maps show the pulse flow contributed enough water to slow the rate of loss, but only for the very short-term (1–2 years). These findings are critically important as they suggest further deterioration of biodiversity, wildlife habitat and key ecosystem services due to anthropogenic diversions of water in the U.S. and Mexico and from land clearing, fires and plant-related drought which affect hydrological processes.  相似文献   

Surface Wave Velocities Across Arabia     

T. A. Mokhtar  C. J. Ammon  R. B. Herrmann  H. A. A. Ghalib 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2001,158(8):1425-1444

— The group-velocity distribution beneath the Arabian Plate is investigated using Love and Rayleigh waves. We obtained a balanced path coverage using seismograms generated by earthquakes located along the plate boundaries. We measured Love- and Rayleigh-wave group-velocity dispersion using multiple filter analysis and then performed a tomographic inversion using these observations to estimate lateral group velocity variations in the period range of 5–60?s. The Love- and Rayleigh-wave results are consistent and show that the average group velocity across Arabia increases with increasing period. The tomographic results also delineate first-order regional structure heterogeneity as well as the sharp transition between the Arabian shield and the Arabian platform. Systematic differences are observed in the distribution of the short-period group velocities across the two provinces, which are consistent with surface geology. The slower velocities in the platform reveal the imprint of its thick sedimentary section, while faster velocities correlate well with the exposed volcanic flows in the shield. Shear-wave velocity models for the two regions, obtained from the inversion of the group velocities, confirm results from previous studies of higher S-wave velocity in the upper crust beneath the shield. This may be due to the present remnants of the oceanic crust (ophiolite belts) associated with the island arcs evolutionary model of the Arabian shield.¶The mapping of the surface-wave group velocity using a large data can be used in constraining the regional structure at existing and planned broadband stations deployed in this tectonically complex region as part of the seismic monitoring under CTBT.  相似文献   

Geochemische Untersuchungen an einem Vorkommen von Fasersteinsalz     

Dr. Albert Günter Herrmann 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1964,10(3):374-378

Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel des Fasersteinsalzes wird untersucht, ob die Verteilung des im NaCl eingebauten Broms Rückschlüsse auf den Wachstumsvorgang und die Herkunft der für das Wachstum benötigten Lösungen zuläßt. NachSchmidt undMügge erfolgt das Wachstum der Fasern an ihrer Basis. Wenn dieser Vorgang stimmt, sollte der Br-Gehalt in den älteren Teilen des Fasersteinsalzes (in der Mitte der Kluft gelegen) niedriger sein als in den zuletzt gebildeten Partien der Kluftfüllung (an der Kluftwand gelegen). Tatsächlich konnte an dem natürlichen Fasersteinsalz festgestellt werden, daß der Br-Gehalt im Steinsalz von der Mitte der Kluft zum Rand zunimmt. Auch die Lösungszufuhr kann nach diesem Befund nur in Form von Porenlösungen aus dem Nebengestein erfolgt sein. Aus dem Br-Gehalt des Fasersteinsalzes wurde die Br-Konzentration in den Porenlösungen mit 3,5 · 10^–1 Gew.- % berechnet.

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Summary The distribution of bromine replacing chlorine in fibrous halite of the potash salt mine Marie Louise (Elsaß, France) was determined in order to examine the crystallisation process of this halite. The contents of bromine increase in the cleavage filling of the fibrous halite from the central part to the contact with the marl. The cause of this distribution is the growth of the fibre perpendicular to its base during the opening of the cleavage. The fibrous halite crystallizes from pore solutions originating in the marl rock. The calculation showed that the bromine content in the solution was about 0.35 wt.- %.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c.C. W. Correns zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.  相似文献   

Ground-motion modelling at regional distances for earthquakes in a continental interior,I. Theory and observations     

Robert B. Herrmann  Otto W. Nuttli 《地震工程与结构动力学》1975,4(1):49-58

To understand the ground-motion contribution by multiple-mode surface-wave arrivals, the surface-wave theory required for predicting ground-motion time histories is discussed. The adequacy of the theory in accounting for observed earthquake ground motion is tested by comparing theoretically predicted long-period seismograms with real seismograms for two earthquakes in the central United States. The agreement between the predicted and observed maximum vertical component L_g ground velocities and accelerations in the 2- to 3-sec period range is excellent over a distance range of 100 to 2,000 km.  相似文献   

Die Schlüsselstellung des Malm-Schichtkammes der Hilsmulde in der Morphologie des nordwestdeutschen Berglandes     

Dr. Rudolf Herrmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1968,58(1):41-51

Zusammenfassung Der Malm der Ith-Hils-Mulde wird am. SE-Ende des Ith diskordant von Unterkreide überlagert, und im Innern der Mulde sind in einer Umgebung von Jura und Wealden Schichten des Neokom und des Tertiär erhalten, die durch Ablaugung auf dem Salzstock von Weenzen versenkt worden sind. Aus diesen Lagerungsverhältnissen ergibt sich folgende Vorstellung von der Entstehung des Malm-Schichtkammes der Ith-Hils-Mulde:Die Malm- und Wealdenschichten des Ith-Hils-Gebietes sind während ihrer Ablagerung eingemuldet worden; die Mulde ist nach Einebnung ihrer Ränder von den Schichten der marinen Kreide überlagert worden und hat bis zum Ende der Oligozänzeit unter Kreide- und Tertiärschichten gelegen. Soweit diese Schichten infolge einer nacholigozänen Hebung wieder abgetragen worden sind, wurden die Kalke des Unteren und Mittleren Malm in jungtertiärer Zeit als Schichtkamm herausgearbeitet.Der Malm-Schichtkamm der Ith-Hils-Mulde ist insofern ein Schlüssel zur Morphologie des nordwestdeutschen Berglandes, als seine morphologische Entwicklung in allen wesentlichen Phasen aus dem geologischen Befund abgeleitet werden und damit auch für andere Teile dieses Berglandes, deren geologische Überlieferung weniger vollständig ist, als Beispiel gelten kann.

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At the south-east spur of the secondary chain of mountains of the Ith situated between the valleys of the Rivers Weser and Leine the Malm of the Ith-Hils Trough is unconformably overlain by the Lower Cretaceous. In the interior of this trough, strata of the Neocomian and of the Tertiary have been preserved in a surrounding of Jurassic and Wealden. Salt dissolution and evacuation have caused these strata to subside on top of the salt dome of Weenzen. From these circumstances of stratification the following concept ensues regarding the formation of the Malm stratum ridge of the Ith-Hils Trough:During strata deposition the Malm and Wealden strata of the Ith-Hils region have been subjected to trough formation. After levelling of its rims the trough has been overlain by strata of the Cretaceous, and, until the end of the Oligocene, it had been situated underneath Cretaceous and Tertiary strata. Insofar as these latter strata have been destroyed again in consequence of a post-oligocene uplift, the limestones of the Lower and Middle Malm have been shaped out as the stratum ridge in the late Tertiary epoch.The Malm stratum ridge of the Ith-Hils Trough represents a key to the explanation of the morphological conditions of the mountainous country of north-western Germany, as the morphological development of the same can be derived from the geological findings in all its essential phases. Thereby the Malm stratum ridge of the Ith-Hils Trough can be set as a validated example for other parts of this stretch of mountainous country, whose structural aspect is less complete.

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Résumé Au contrefort sud-est de la chaîne de montagnes de l'Ith située entre les vallées des rivières Weser et Leine, le Malm (Jurassique Supérieur) du synclinal de l'Ith-Hils est couvert par le Crétacé Inférieur sous forme d'une discordance de stratification. A l'intérieur de ce synclinal des strates du Néocomien et du Tertiaire se sont conservées dans un entourage du Jurassique et du Wealdien. Au-dessus du dôme de sel de Weenzen la dissolution et l'écoulement des sels ont causé que ces strates se soient enfoncées. De ces circonstances de stratification le concept suivant s'ensuit en ce qui concerne la formation de la crête de strate du Malm du synclinal de I'Ith-Hils:Pendant le processus de stratification les strates du Malm et du Wealdien de la région de l'Ith-Hils ont subi une formation de synclinal. A la fin du processus de nivellement de ses bords le synclinal a été couvert par les strates du Crétacé (marin), et, jusqu'à la fin de l'Oligocène, il a été situé au-dessous des strates du Crétacé et du Tertiaire. En tant que ces dernières strates ont été enlevées à nouveau en conséquence d'un soulèvement post-oligocène, les calcaires des strates de Malm inférieur et moyen ont été façonnés en qualité de crête de strate à l'époque du Néogène.La crête de strate du Malm du synclinal de l'Ith-Hils représente une explication fondamentale des conditions morphologiques du pays de montagnes de l'Allemagne du nord-ouest jusqu'à un tel point que le développement morphologique de ce pays peut être dérivé des constatations géologiques de l'état récent dans toutes ses phases essentielles. De cette manière la crête de strate du Malm peut servir d'exemple corroboré à d'autres parties de cette région de pays de montagnes, dont l'aspect structurel est moins complet.

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Ith-Hilo Ith . , . : , . . . , , .

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Vortrag, gehalten auf der 58. Jahrestagung der Geologischen Vereinigung in Göttingen am 19. 2. 1968.  相似文献   

Size-Resolved Aerosol Characterization for a Polluted Episode at the IfT Research Station Melpitz in Autumn 1997     

A. Plewka  T. Gnauk  E. Brüggemann  C. Neusüss  H. Herrmann 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2004,48(2):131-156

Inorganic ions, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and a variety of organic single species in airborne particles have been determined at the research station of the Leibniz – Institut für Troposphärenforschung (IfT) in Melpitz (Germany) in autumn 1997.Samples of eight selected measurement events were divided in two groups in order to investigate differences in the chemical composition of particles originating from southwesterly (SW – developed EU countries) or from easterly directions (E – less developed eastern countries). Differences between these two groups were tested statistically by Student's t-test.Five stage cascade impactor samples show nitrate as most abundant in the accumulation mode in the SW group. EC and sulphate show the most abundant mass fractions in the E group. That can be considered as a consequence of domestic coal heating and coal-fired power plant emissions in the region of westerly Poland, northern Czech Republic and easterly Germany. Higher nitrate concentrations in the SW group can be explained by stronger NO _x emissions caused by the leeward plume of the conurbation of Leipzig, as well as by the still higher traffic density in western Germany.The methane sulphonic acid (MSA) mass fraction was higher for SW air masses in accumulation mode particles, probably indicating marine origin. Succinic acid also showed higher mass fractions for the SW group. This could be caused by primary emission in automobile exhaust gases and photochemical formation during transport from SW. Indeed, during SW sampling, solar radiation intensity was higher than during E sampling.The observed differences in the particle composition are an expression of the still existing technology gradient in Europe. Future campaigns could show the development to a joint economy with smaller differences in anthropogenic emissions.  相似文献