Potentially harmful metals,and health risk evaluation in groundwater of Mardan,Pakistan: Application of geostatistical approach and geographic information system     

Abdur Rashid  Muhammad Ayub  Asif Javed  Sardar Khan  Xubo Gao  Chengcheng Li  Zahid Ullah  Tariq Sardar  Juma Muhammad  Shahla Nazneen 《地学前缘(英文版)》2021,12(3):101128

This study investigates the values of pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), elevation, oxidative reduction potential (ORP), temperature, and depth, while the concentrations of Br, and potentially harmful metals (PHMs) such as Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cu, Pb, Co, Zn, and Fe in the groundwater samples. Moreover, geographic information system (GIS), XLSTAT, and IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software were used for spatial distribution modeling, principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), and Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) plotting to determine groundwater pollution sources, similarity index, and normal distribution reference line for the selected parameters. The mean values of pH, TDS, elevation, ORP, temperature, depth, and Br were 7.2, 322 mg/L, 364 m, 188 mV, 29.6 °C, 70 m, 0.20 mg/L, and PHMs like Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cu, Pb, Co, Zn, and Fe were 0.38, 0.26, 0.08, 0.27, 0.36, 0.22, 0.04, 0.43 and 0.86 mg/L, respectively. PHMs including Cr (89%), Cd (43%), Mn (23%), Pb (79%), Co (20%), and Fe (91%) exceeded the guideline values set by the world health organization (WHO). The significant R² values of PCA for selected parameters were also determined (0.62, 0.67, 0.78, 0.73, 0.60, 0.87, ?0.50, 0.69, 0.70, 0.74, ?0.50, 0.70, 0.67, 0.79, 0.59, and ?0.55, respectively). PCA revealed three geochemical processes such as geogenic, anthropogenic, and reducing conditions. The mineral phases of Cd(OH)_2, Fe(OH)_3, FeOOH, Mn₃O_4, Fe₂O_3, MnOOH, Pb(OH)_2, Mn(OH)_2, MnO_2, and Zn(OH)₂ (?3.7, 3.75, 9.7, ?5.8, 8.9, ?3.6, 2.2, ?4.6, ?7.7, ?0.9, and 0.003, respectively) showed super-saturation and under-saturation conditions. Health risk assessment (HRA) values for PHMs were also calculated and the values of hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard indices (HI) for the entire study area were increased in the following order: Cd>Ni>Cu>Pb>Mn>Zn>Cr. Relatively higher HQ and HI values of Ni, Cd, Pb, and Cu were greater than one showing unsuitability of groundwater for domestic, agriculture, and drinking purposes. The long-term ingestion of groundwater could also cause severe health concerns such as kidney, brain dysfunction, liver, stomach problems, and even cancer.  相似文献   

Amelioration of soil acidity,Olsen-P,and phosphatase activity by manure- and peat-derived biochars in different acidic soils     

Muhammad Aqeel Kamran  Jun Jiang  Jiu-yu Li  Ren-yong Shi  Khalid Mehmood  M. Abdulaha-Al Baquy  Ren-kou Xu 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(11):272

To increase soil productivity, ameliorate nutrient scarcity, and reduce metal toxicity in highly weathered acidic soils usually requires fertilizer and lime application. Effects of three biochars on soil acidity, Olsen-phosphorus (P), phosphatase activities, and heavy metal availability were investigated to test potential of these biochars as soil amendments in highly weathered acidic soils. Incubation experiments were conducted for 6 weeks with three acidic soils: Alfisol, Ultisol, and Oxisol. Three biochars were derived from chicken manure (CMB), pig manure (PMB), and peat moss (PB) at 400 °C and applied at 1 or 2% (wt/wt). The addition of the three biochars increased Olsen-P in the three acidic soils in the following order: CMB?>?PMB?>?PB. Application of 2% CMB increased Olsen-P contents by 2.41-, 7.4-, and 1.78-fold in the Ultisol, Oxisol, and Alfisol compared with controls, respectively. Moreover, CMB increased the soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and alkaline phosphatase activity, but reduced exchangeable acidity, acid phosphatase activity, and the availability of heavy metals—more effectively than PMB and PB. Addition of CMB increased soil pH by 0.90, 0.90, and 0.92 units for the Alfisol, Ultisol, and Oxisol, respectively, correspondingly followed by 0.80, 0.84, and 0.87 units for PMB and 0.15, 0.28, and 0.25 for PM. Changes in EC, CEC, and exchangeable acidity followed the same order for the three soils: CMB?>?PMB?>?PB. The results suggested that the magnitude of changes in soil properties and Olsen-P contents depended on biochar type and application rate. Application of CMB increased nutrient availability and reduced the availability of heavy metals more than other amendments. Due to higher pH, EC, and CEC, and greater concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, and exchangeable calcium and potassium, incorporation of CMB should be a better cost-effective method to correct soil acidity and improve fertility and Olsen-P contents in Ultisols and Oxisols from tropical and subtropical regions of the world.  相似文献   

A field study investigating the potential use of phosphorus combined with organic amendments on cadmium accumulation by wheat and subsequent rice     

Muhammad Zia ur Rehman  Muhammad Rizwan  Shafaqat Ali  Asif Naeem  Balal Yousaf  Guijian Lui  Hinnan Khalid  Saifullah  Farhan Hafeez  Muhammad Azhar 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(19):594

A field study was performed to determine the efficiency of diammonium phosphate (DAP) applied alone or combined with biochar, lignite, and farmyard manure (FYM) on growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in wheat and rice. Before crop sowing, different treatments were applied in the field such as a control (T₁), DAP alone (0.1%, T₂), DAP + lignite (0.05% each, T₃), DAP + FYM (0.05% each, T₄), and DAP + biochar (0.05% each, T₅). Afterwards, the wheat seeds were sown in the soil. At wheat postharvest, rice was sown without any further treatment. Raw effluent was applied as an irrigation source during the whole growth period of both crops since it is the common practice of the farmers of study area. It was revealed that the use of amendments enhanced the yield and photosynthesis but lowered the Cd contents in straw as well as grains of both crops. In both crops, the highest yield of straw and grain was found in DAP + FYM whereas the lowest Cd concentration was found in DAP alone. The ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA extractable Cd of post wheat and post rice soils were decreased while the soil pH and immobilization index were increased in all treatments as compared with the control. The present field study highlighted that the DAP + FYM can be effective in increasing yield with decreased Cd concentrations in crop grains.  相似文献   

Sugarcane waste straw biochar and its effects on calcareous soil and agronomic traits of okra     

Muhammad Riaz  Mumtaz Khan  Shafaqat Ali  Muhammad Daud Khan  Rehan Ahmad  Muhammad Jamil Khan  Muhammad Rizwan 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(23):752

Biochar has been considered a safe soil additive to enhance soil fertility and agronomic traits of different crops. This study was conducted to explore the impacts of sugarcane waste straw biochar on soil characteristics and some agronomic traits of okra. The experiment was carried out with four treatments, i.e., control, sugarcane waste straw biochar (10 ton ha^?1), farmyard manure (FYM, 10 ton ha^?1), and chemical fertilizers (NPK; 120:100:80 kg ha^?1) having three replications of each treatment. Soil samples were tested for texture, bulk density, particle density, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter content, nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N), and extractable-P. The sugarcane waste straw biochar was characterized for plant major nutrient elements. The impact of various treatments was observed on soils and agronomic traits of okra like plant height, fruit size, fruit length, and yield of okra. Results revealed that sugarcane waste straw biochar expressed higher EC value and noticeable amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and magnesium (Mg). The sugarcane waste straw biochar, in comparison with FYM and NPK, significantly improved the NO₃-N, extractable-P, OM and EC of the calcareous soil, and reduced the soil bulk density. Furthermore, plant growth and yield parameters were significantly improved under biochar application over the control, FYM and NPK. Overall, sugarcane waste straw biochar proved to be a good alternative to conventional organic and inorganic fertilizers under calcareous soil conditions.  相似文献   

Secular Variation of Geomagnetic Field at Karachi Observatory     

Hussain  Sumrah  Khan  Muhammad Nehal 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2021,61(8):1234-1239

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - In this work, the secular variation of noon/midnight geomagnetic observed field has been investigated at Karachi observatory using the data of total geomagnetic field...  相似文献   

Integrated stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the P/E boundary interval, Rakhi Nala section, Indus Basin (Pakistan)     

Muhammad Hanif  Malcolm B. Hart  Stephen T. Grimes  Melanie J. Leng 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(1):323-339

Marine sedimentary section across the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) boundary interval is preserved in the Dungan Formation (Lower Indus Basin), Pakistan. Four dinoflagellate zones in the P/E interval of the Rakhi Nala section (Lower Indus Basin) are identified and correlated. The quantitative analysis of the dinoflagellate cyst assemblages together with geochemical data are used to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment across the P/E interval. The dinocyst assemblages allow the local correlation of the Dungan Formation (part) of the Sulaiman Range with the Patala Formation (part) of the Upper Indus Basin and global correlation of the Zone Pak-DV with the Apectodinium acme Zone of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The onset of the carbon isotopic excursion (CIE) associated with Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is used globally to identify the P/E boundary. The CIE for the total organic carbon (fine fraction) δ¹³C_FF is of a magnitude of ?1.7‰ is recorded for the first time in the Indus Basin. The Apectodinium acme precedes and straddles the onset of the CIE in the Indus Basin. This Apectodinium acme is also accompanied by a planktonic and benthonic foraminifera “barren zone.” The CIE in the Indus Basin, coupled with the changes in the dinocyst distribution and the benthonic and planktonic foraminifera assemblages, provides evidence of the changes associated with the PETM in this little-known part of the world. The benthonic foraminiferal assemblage indicates bathyal environment of deposition at the time of P/E boundary interval; the presence of dominantly open marine dinoflagellates and high planktonic foraminiferal ratio suggest that the water column at this site was well connected with the rest of the Tethys.  相似文献   

Wind energy potential assessment using Weibull distribution with various numerical estimation methods: a case study in Mersing and Port Dickson,Malaysia     

Safari  Muhammad Aslam Mohd  Masseran  Nurulkamal  Majid  Muhammad Hilmi Abdul 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2022,148(3-4):1085-1110

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - In this study, the Weibull distribution with various numerical estimation methods is utilized for the assessment of wind energy potential in Mersing and Port...  相似文献   

Rare Earth and High Field‐Strength Elements in the Multani Mitti Clay: A Study Using INAA     

Shahida Waheed  Naila Siddique  Yasir Faiz 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2013,37(2):197-205

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to determine nine rare earth elements (REE), Sc and five high field‐strength elements (HFSE) in the Multani Mitti (MM) clay. Chondrite‐normalised rare earth element patterns for the MM clay compared with those for the Post‐Archaean Australian Shale (PAAS), Upper Continental Crust (UCC) and North American Shale Composite (NASC) showed enrichment of light REEs and depletion of heavy REEs with a slight negative Eu anomaly. The Multani Mitti clay showed close resemblance to PAAS and NASC in its average REE and HFSE contents. Positive correlations between La/Ce, La/Sm, La/Yb, Zr/Hf, Th/U and Th/Ta ratios predict enrichment of LREEs, Zr and Th and depletion of HREEs. A parent source of felsic origin for the MM clay is also endorsed through the high La/Th and low Th/Sc ratios observed.  相似文献   

Influence of Icelandic Low pressure on winter precipitation variability over northern part of Indo-Pak Region     

Muhammad Jawed Iqbal  Kashif Ilyas 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(2):543-548

Several studies demonstrate that North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has dominant influence on the variability of climate over Southwest Asia. We deconstruct the NAO into its two components, the Azores High and the Icelandic Low. Regional circulations are influenced by changes not only in the pressure but also the positions of the Azores High and the Icelandic Low. The results presented in this paper exhibit that significantly great portions of interannual variance of winter precipitation over Indo-Pak Region (consists of Northeast Pakistan and Northwest India) can be explained by including the contributions of the Icelandic Low pressure in addition to ENSO and AO. This contribution also explains the physical mechanisms to establish the relationships between the COA and regional climate by examining composite maps of large-scale circulation fields using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.  相似文献   

Hydrochemistry and pollution probability of selected sites along the Euphrates River, Western Iraq     

Salih Muhammad Awadh  Rasol Muhamad Ahmed 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(7):2501-2518

The hydrochemistry of Euphrates River in the study area which extended from Hit to Al-Saqlawia was studied in order to determine the physical, chemical, and biological properties in addition to the radiation level. Thirty-one stations along the Euphrates River were chosen, 17 of them represented the Euphrates River itself, whereas the other stations are considered as point pollution sources which all empty their load directly in the Euphrates River with an average total discharge of 32 m³/s. Twenty-eight samples of the Euphrates water of both high- and low-flow periods were analyzed for cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺), anions (SO ₄ ⁼ , Cl^?, CO ₃ ⁼ , HCO ₃ ^? , NO ₃ ^? , PO ₄ ^?3 ), H₂S boron, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, bacteriological tests, radiation levels in addition to physical parameters such as hydrogen number (pH), total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, total suspended solid, and temperature. This study showed that the cations and anions during periods of high and low flows are within acceptable limit with exceptional Cl^?. Hydrochemical formula during the high flow was Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO₄, then it changed into Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO₄-Cl during the low-flow period. The average output cations and anions at downstream (Saqlawiya area) was relatively higher than those of input at upstream (Hit area); this attributed to the natural and anthropogenic activities originated mainly from agricultural activity and population communities around the river. Radiation level for ²¹²Pb, ²¹⁴Pb, ⁴⁰k, ²²⁰Ac, and ²¹⁴Bi showed that the higher level of radiation is concentrated within sediment rather than in water, but the radiation in both is within acceptable limit.  相似文献