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891.
Jennifer M. McKay 《The Australian geographer》1986,17(1):65-71
Private household telephone ownership in Australian capital cities ranges between 91.1 per cent (Canberra) and 81.9 per cent (Brisbane). Consequently, telephone ownership need not be viewed as a major factor distinguishing households. As the characteristics of households without telephones are also known, it is possible to supplement telephone interviews with face to face interviews and thereby ensure that such a sampling frame represents the population. Such techniques, coupled with the ease and relative inexpense of telephone interviews, may promote the use of the medium. Using a letter to forewarn potential respondents and a three call‐back strategy (twice during working hours, once at night), a response rate of 77.4 per cent was achieved; 8.7 per cent of respondents could not be contacted and the balance refused. Reasons for refusals related almost exclusively to the subject matter of the interview — bushfire hazard. The first day time calls yielded 166 interviews out of 378 calls and the second 67 out of 197 calls. No particular time of day or day of week resulted in significantly more interviews; however, 55.4 per cent of respondents were female. Night calls yielded the highest response rates, with 86 interviews from 127 calls, and 63.9 per cent of respondents were male. 相似文献
892.
Excellent exposure, well-controlled palaeobathymetry, and tightly-spaced, high-precision radiometric age control in the El Gallo Fm. permit rigorous quantitative analysis. Backstripping of these proximal nonmarine, forearc basin deposits reveals that, during the Late Cretaceous, the Rosario embayment of the Peninsular Ranges forearc was undergoing an episode of rapid tectonic subsidence. This subsidence had several marked effects on the sedimentology of the Rosario embayment: formation of a broad alluvial plain consisting of coarse-grained clastics; rapid (∼ 600 m Myr-1 ) aggradation of sediments; and a retrogradational succession of facies, capped by a marine transgression, as deposition failed to keep pace with eustatic rise and subsidence.
Long-term sedimentation is driven by some combination of two allocyclic mechanisms: tectonic subsidence and eustatic sea-level rise. In order to evaluate which force predominated during deposition of the El Gallo Fm., the processes of sedimentation, compaction, and isostasy are evaluated through the interval in question. A sensitivity analysis is performed, in which the maximum tectonic and maximum eustatic contributions are estimated, along with the best-fit model. These results are qualitatively the same: tectonic subsidence was the major driving force of sedimentation in the Rosario embayment in late Campanian time. Regional sedimentological similarities suggest that this tectonic subsidence may have characterized the Peninsular Ranges forearc margin at this time, reflecting an episode of active down-faulting during the Late Cretaceous. 相似文献
Long-term sedimentation is driven by some combination of two allocyclic mechanisms: tectonic subsidence and eustatic sea-level rise. In order to evaluate which force predominated during deposition of the El Gallo Fm., the processes of sedimentation, compaction, and isostasy are evaluated through the interval in question. A sensitivity analysis is performed, in which the maximum tectonic and maximum eustatic contributions are estimated, along with the best-fit model. These results are qualitatively the same: tectonic subsidence was the major driving force of sedimentation in the Rosario embayment in late Campanian time. Regional sedimentological similarities suggest that this tectonic subsidence may have characterized the Peninsular Ranges forearc margin at this time, reflecting an episode of active down-faulting during the Late Cretaceous. 相似文献
893.
894.
Matthew Colless Gavin Dalton Steve Maddox Will Sutherland Peder Norberg Shaun Cole Joss Bland-Hawthorn Terry Bridges Russell Cannon Chris Collins Warrick Couch Nicholas Cross Kathryn Deeley Roberto De Propris Simon P. Driver George Efstathiou Richard S. Ellis Carlos S. Frenk Karl Glazebrook Carole Jackson Ofer Lahav Ian Lewis Stuart Lumsden Darren Madgwick John A. Peacock Bruce A. Peterson Ian Price Mark Seaborne Keith Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,328(4):1039-1063
895.
In this paper we examine the possibility of adopting standards within the context of radio astronomy and the benefits to be derived thereby. In particular we consider the application of standards within the three areas of the receiver hardware, the control and communication between different parts of the observing system, and the interface with the astronomer. The adoption of such standards will increase flexibility of observing systems, allow the easy interchange of equipment between observatories and greatly simplify guest observing. In this paper we will only consider the application of standards within the field of millimetre-wave and sub-millimetre-wave single dish astronomy. However, the principle can be easily extended to other astronomical wavebands. We describe some current developments at the Onsala Space Observatory which illustrate the proposed philosophy and show how such standards may be implemented. Naturally, the detailed definition of such standards would have to be agreed in conjunction with other interested astronomical institutions. 相似文献
896.
Geordie Mark Andy Wilde Nicholas H.S. Oliver Patrick J. Williams Chris G. Ryan 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2005,85(1):921-46
The Ernest Henry Fe oxide Cu–Au (IOCG) deposit (>ca. 1.51 Ga) is hosted by breccia produced during the waning stages of an evolving hydrothermal system that formed a number of tens of metres to a kilometre scale, pre- and syn-ore alteration halos, although no demonstrable patterns have been attributed to fluids expelled through the outflow zones. However, the recognition of a population of hypersaline fluid inclusions representing the ‘spent’ fluids after Cu–Au deposition at Ernest Henry provides the basis to model the geochemical characteristics of the deposit's outflow zones. Geochemical modeling at 300 °C was undertaken at both high and low fluid/rock ratios via FLUSH models involving three host rock types: (1) granite, (2) calc–silicate rock, and (3) graphitic schist. In models run at high fluid/rock ratios, all rock types are essentially fluid-buffered, and produce an albite–quartz–hematite–barite-rich assemblage, although in low fluid–rock environments, the pH, redox, and geochemical character of the host rock exerts a greater influence on the mineralogy of the alteration assemblages (e.g., andradite, Fe–chlorite, and magnetite). Significant sulphide mineralization was predicted in graphitic schist where sphalerite occurred in both low- and high-porosity models, which indicates the possibility of an association between high-temperature IOCG mineralization and lower temperature base metal mineralization.Cooling experiments (from 300 to 100 °C) using the ‘spent fluids’ predict early high-T (300–200 °C) Na-, Ca-, Fe-, and Mn-rich, magnetite-bearing hydrothermal associations, whereas with cooling to below 200 °C, and with progressive fluid–rock interaction, the system produces rhodochrosite-bearing, hematite–quartz–muscovite–barite-rich assemblages. These results show that the radical geochemical and mineralogical changes associated with cooling and progressive fluid influx are likely to be accompanied by major transformations in the geophysical expression (e.g., spectral and magnetic character) of the alteration in the outflow zone, and highlight the potential link between magnetite- and hematite-bearing IOCG hydrothermal systems. 相似文献
897.
Andrew H. Knoll Michael Carr David J. Des Marais Woodward W. Fischer Scott M. McLennan Christian Schröder Nicholas J. Tosca 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2005,240(1):179-189
Sedimentary rocks exposed in the Meridiani Planum region of Mars record aqueous and eolian deposition in ancient dune and interdune playa-like environments that were arid, acidic, and oxidizing. On Earth, microbial populations have repeatedly adapted to low pH and both episodic and chronic water limitation, suggesting that, to a first approximation, the Meridiani plain may have been habitable during at least part of the interval when deposition and early diagenesis took place. On the other hand, the environmental conditions inferred for Meridiani deposition would have posed a challenge for prebiotic chemical reactions thought to have played a role in the origin of life on Earth. Orbital observations suggest that the combination of sulfate minerals and hematite found in Meridiani rocks may be unusual on the martian surface; however, there is reason to believe that acidity, aridity, and oxidizing conditions were broadly distributed on ancient Mars. When these conditions were established and how much environmental heterogeneity existed on early Mars remain to be determined. Because sulfates and iron oxides can preserve detailed geochemical records of environmental history as well as chemical, textural and microfossil signatures of biological activity, Meridiani Planum is an attractive candidate for Mars sample return. 相似文献
898.
Rising atmospheric pCO2 and ocean acidification originating from human activities could result in increased dissolution of metastable carbonate minerals
in shallow-water marine sediments. In the present study, in situ dissolution of carbonate sedimentary particles in Devil’s
Hole, Bermuda, was observed during summer when thermally driven density stratification restricted mixing between the bottom
water and the surface mixed layer and microbial decomposition of organic matter in the subthermocline layer produced pCO2 levels similar to or higher than those levels anticipated by the end of the 21st century. Trends in both seawater chemistry
and the composition of sediments in Devil’s Hole indicate that Mg-calcite minerals are subject to selective dissolution under
conditions of elevated pCO2. The derived rates of dissolution based on observed changes in excess alkalinity and estimates of vertical eddy diffusion
ranged from 0.2 mmol to 0.8 mmol CaCO3 m−2 h−1. On a yearly basis, this range corresponds to 175–701 g CaCO3 m−2 year−1; the latter rate is close to 50% of the estimate of the current average global coral reef calcification rate of about 1,500 g
CaCO3 m−2 year−1. Considering a reduction in marine calcification of 40% by the year 2100, or 90% by 2300, as a result of surface ocean acidification,
the combination of high rates of carbonate dissolution and reduced rates of calcification implies that coral reefs and other
carbonate sediment environments within the 21st and following centuries could be subject to a net loss in carbonate material
as a result of increasing pCO2 arising from burning of fossil fuels. 相似文献
899.
The source of metasomatic fluids in iron-oxide–copper–gold districts is contentious with models for magmatic and other fluid sources having been proposed. For this study, δ
18O and δ
13C ratios were measured from carbonate mineral separates in the Proterozoic eastern Mt Isa Block of Northwest Queensland, Australia. Isotopic analyses are supported by petrography, mineral chemistry and cathodoluminescence imagery. Marine meta-carbonate rocks (ca. 20.5‰ δ
18O and 0.5‰ δ
13C calcite) and graphitic meta-sedimentary rocks (ca. 14‰ δ
18O and −18‰ δ
13C calcite) are the main supracrustal reservoirs of carbon and oxygen in the district. The isotopic ratios for calcite from the cores of Na–(Ca) alteration systems strongly cluster around 11‰ δ
18O and −7‰ δ
13C, with shifts towards higher δ
18O values and higher and lower δ
13C values, reflecting interaction with different hostrocks. Na–(Ca)-rich assemblages are out of isotopic equilibrium with their metamorphic hostrocks, and isotopic values are consistent with fluids derived from or equilibrated with igneous rocks. However, igneous rocks in the eastern Mt Isa Block contain negligible carbon and are incapable of buffering the δ
13C signatures of CO2-rich metasomatic fluids associated with Na–(Ca) alteration. In contrast, plutons in the eastern Mt Isa Block have been documented as having exsolved saline CO2-rich fluids and represent the most probable fluid source for Na–(Ca) alteration. Intrusion-proximal, skarn-like Cu–Au orebodies that lack significant K and Fe enrichment (e.g. Mt Elliott) display isotopic ratios that cluster around values of 11‰ δ
18O and −7‰ δ
13C (calcite), indicating an isotopically similar fluid source as for Na–(Ca) alteration and that significant fluid–wallrock interaction was not required in the genesis of these deposits. In contrast, K- and Fe-rich, intrusion-distal deposits (e.g. Ernest Henry) record significant shifts in δ
18O and δ
13C towards values characteristic of the broader hostrocks to the deposits, reflecting fluid–wallrock equilibration before mineralisation. Low temperature, low salinity, low δ
18O (<10‰ calcite) and CO2-poor fluids are documented in retrograde metasomatic assemblages, but these fluids are paragenetically late and have not contributed significantly to the mass budgets of Cu–Au mineralisation. 相似文献
900.
John G. McLellan Nicholas H.S. Oliver Bruce E. Hobbs 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,89(1-3):271
The migration of basinal brines into basement material has been proposed as a means of scouring or leaching metals for subsequent ore deposition. Here we address this issue by numerically examining competing processes, namely deformation, fluid flow and thermal gradients, to describe potential fluid pathways leading to enrichment of metals and ore deposition. Stable convective fluid patterns may be established across the cover/basement interfaces if permeability contrasts are minimized, however, at the onset of extensional deformation these convective patterns quickly collapse. On cessation of the deformation, convection cells again develop, which are oscillatory with time. Input to the thermal budget from a radiogenic heat source suggests that basinal fluids can be drawn down around the margins of granite intrusions and fluid mixing processes may take place due to small and localised convective patterns. Fluid migration from basin into basement and back is highly likely given the right conditions, however, the rate and extent of fluid flow are determined by thermal and deformation processes. 相似文献