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31.
32.
Norbert I. Kömle Hui Bing Wen Jie Feng Roman Wawrzaszek Erika S. Hütter Ping He Wojciech Marczewski Borys Dabrowski Kathrin Schröer Tilman Spohn 《Acta Geotechnica》2007,2(2):127-138
A series of thermal conductivity measurements for various materials was performed in a large climate chamber. The size of
the chamber allowed the preparation of relatively large samples in a controlled thermal environment. Three types of thermal
sensors were used: (1) two needle probes; (2) a grid of temperature sensors, evenly distributed inside the sample; (3) two
additional thermal probes, which were simplified versions of an instrument originally developed for measuring thermal properties
of the ice/dust mixture expected to exist at the surface of a comet nucleus. They consist of a series of individual temperature
sensors integrated into a glass fibre rod. Each of these sensors can be operated in an active (heated) or passive (only temperature
sensing) mode. The following sample materials were used: fine-grained reddish sand, coarse-grained moist sand, gravels with
various grain size distributions from < 1 cm up to about 6 cm, and for comparison and calibration pure water (with convection
suppressed by adding agar-agar), compact ice, and compact granite. Of particular interest are the measurements with composite
samples, like stones embedded in an agar-agar matrix. We describe the evaluation methods and present the results of the thermal
conductivity measurements. 相似文献
33.
Helene Valladas Norbert Mercier Laurence Froget Jean-Louis Joron Jean-Louis Reyss Panajotis Karkanas Eleni Panagopoulou Nina Kyparissi-Apostolika 《Quaternary Geochronology》2007,2(1-4):303-308
The lowest stratigraphic unit of Theopetra cave (Greece) contains a Middle Palaeolithic sequence radiocarbon dated to between 46 and 35 ka BP; at the limit of this dating method. The upper part of this sequence has yielded late Middle Palaeolithic lithic assemblages containing several early Upper Palaeolithic artifacts. To get more precise dates for the human occupation of the cave, burnt flint specimens from these Middle Palaeolithic layers were dated by thermoluminescence. The dates obtained are coherent and indicate that the first human occupation of the cave took place at the end of isotopic stage 6 or more probably at the beginning of stage 5, much earlier than previously proposed. In the light of this new evidence, it is reasonable to assume that: (a) Theopetra contains the oldest dated Middle Palaeolithic deposits of Greece and (b) that the assemblages first interpreted as “Transitional Middle/Upper Palaeolithic” industries may be the result of post-depositional mixing of cultural material. 相似文献
34.
Serge H. Zbaz Togouet Thomas Njine Norbert Kemka Moise Nola Samuel Foto Menbohan Walter Koste Claude Boutin Rick Hochberg 《Limnologica》2007,37(4):311-322
Studies on the biodiversity and population dynamics of freshwater planktonic Gastrotricha have been carried out in conjunction with a physical–chemical analysis of the water in the Yaounde Municipal Lake (Cameroon, Central Africa) over a 14 months period (November 1996–December 1997). The results obtained allow to consider the Yaounde Municipal Lake as an eutrophic lake. It harbours eight species of Gastrotricha belonging to four genera (Chaetonotus, Dasydytes, Neogossea and Polymerurus) of the order Chaetonotida. This community was characterized by high abundances of populations, and was dominated by the genus Neogossea and Chaetonotusreaching up to 2000 ind. L−1. Polymerurus was mostly abundant at the almost anoxic bottom layers. The highest abundances were found mostly during the rainy season, when there is an important sedimentation process of organic matter, and were influenced by several different environmental factors such as dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH of the water.
Finally this community which may play an important role in the water bodies, is a potential water quality indicator. 相似文献
35.
Norbert Wex 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,298(1):67-77
In binary radio pulsars with a main-sequence star companion, the spin-induced quadrupole moment of the companion gives rise to a precession of the binary orbit. As a first approximation one can model the secular evolution caused by this classical spin-orbit coupling by linear-in-time changes of the longitude of periastron and the projected semi-major axis of the pulsar orbit. This simple representation of the precession of the orbit neglects two important aspects of the orbital dynamics of a binary pulsar with an oblate companion. First, the quasiperiodic effects along the orbit, owing to the anisotropic 1/ r 3 nature of the quadrupole potential. Secondly, the long-term secular evolution of the binary orbit, which leads to an evolution of the longitude of periastron and the projected semi-major axis, which is non-linear in time. In this paper a simple timing formula for binary radio pulsars with a main-sequence star companion is presented which models the short-term secular and most of the short-term periodic effects caused by the classical spin-orbit coupling. I also give extensions of the timing formula that account for long-term secular changes in the binary pulsar motion. It is shown that the short-term periodic effects are important for the timing observations of the binary pulsar PSR B1259–63. The long-term secular effects are likely to become important in the next few years of timing observations of the binary pulsar PSR J0045–7319. They could help to restrict or even determine the moments of inertia of the companion star and thus probe its internal structure. Finally, I reinvestigate the spin-orbit precession of the binary pulsar PSR J0045–7319 since the analysis given in the literature is based on an incorrect expression for the precession of the longitude of periastron. A lower limit of 20° for the inclination of the B star with respect to the orbital plane is derived. 相似文献
36.
Icy surfaces like the polar caps of Mars, comets, Edgeworth-Kuiper belt objects or the surface areas of many moons in the outer Solar System behave different than rock and soil surfaces when irradiated by solar light. The latter ones absorb and reflect incoming solar radiation immediately at the surface. In contrast, ices are partially transparent in the visible spectral range and opaque in the infrared. Due to this fact it is possible for the solar radiation to reach a certain depth and increase the temperature of the sub-surface layers directly. This internal temperature rise is called “solid-state greenhouse effect,” in analogy to the classical greenhouse effect in an atmosphere. It may play an important role in the energy balance of various icy bodies in the Solar System. Within the scope of a project conducted at the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Graz the solid-state greenhouse effect was investigated experimentally and theoretically. A number of experiments with diverse materials, focussing mainly on layered samples with a surface cover consisting of transparent H2O-ice, were performed. The samples were irradiated under cryo-vacuum conditions by a solar simulator. The temperature distributions inside the samples were measured and compared with the results of numerical model calculations. We found that the predicted sub-surface temperature maximum is very clearly measurable in glass beads samples with various particle size distributions, but can also be detected in transparent compact surface ice layers. However, in the latter case it is less distinct than originally expected. Measuring the effect by laboratory methods turned out to be a difficult task due to the shallow depth where the temperature maximum occurs. 相似文献
37.
Norbert Schartel 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2010,331(2):139-139
38.
Kevin R. Chamberlain Axel K. Schmitt Susan M. Swapp T. Mark Harrison Norbert Swoboda-Colberg Wouter Bleeker Tony D. Peterson Charles W. Jefferson Andrei K. Khudoley 《Precambrian Research》2010
An in situ U–Pb SIMS (IN-SIMS) method to date micro-baddeleyite crystals as small as 3 μm is presented with results from three samples that span a variety of ages and geologic settings. The method complements ID-TIMS geochronology by extending the range of dateable crystals to sizes smaller than can be recovered by physical separation. X-ray mapping and BSE imaging are used to locate target grains in thin section, followed by SIMS analysis on a CAMECA ims 1270, using the field aperture in the transfer column to screen out ions from host phases. Internal age precisions for the method are anticipated to range from 0.1% for Precambrian rocks to 3–7% for Phanerozoic rocks. Results establish a 2689 ± 5 Ma age for mafic dikes in the Wyoming craton, USA, a 1540 ± 30 Ma age for a subaerial lava flow from the Thelon Basin of northern Canada, and a 457 ± 34 Ma age for mafic dikes in the platform sequence of southeastern Siberia. The method is ideal for relatively non-destructive dating of small samples such as extraterrestrial rocks and precious terrestrial samples. 相似文献
39.
Véronique Lavastre Corinne Le Gal La Salle Jean-Luc Michelot Sophie Giannesini Lucilla Benedetti Joël Lancelot Bernard Lavielle Marc Massault Bertrand Thomas Eric Gilabert Didier Bourlès Norbert Clauer Pierre Agrinier 《Applied Geochemistry》2010
Groundwaters from the Tithonian/Kimmeridgian, Oxfordian and Upper Dogger aquifers, within the eastern part of the Paris basin (France), were characterised using 3H, 14C and 36Cl, and noble gases tracers, to evaluate their residence times and determine their recharge period. This information is an important prerequisite to evaluating the confinement properties of the Callovo-Oxfordian clay formation sandwiched between the Oxfordian aquifer and the Dogger aquifer, currently being investigated by the French nuclear waste management agency (Andra) for radioactive waste disposal. Data presented in this paper are used to test 4 hypotheses. 相似文献