Seismic response of Beirut (Lebanon) buildings: instrumental results from ambient vibrations   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Christelle Salameh  Bertrand Guillier  Jacques Harb  Cécile Cornou  Pierre-Yves Bard  Christophe Voisin  Armand Mariscal 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2016,14(10):2705-2730

Resonance period is a key parameter in the seismic design of a structure, thus dynamic parameters of buildings in Beirut (Lebanon) were investigated based on ambient vibration method for risk and vulnerability assessment. Lebanon is facing high seismic hazard due to its major faults, combined to a high seismic risk caused by dense urbanization in addition to the lack of a seismic design code implementation. For this study, ambient vibration recordings have been performed on 330 RC buildings, period parameters extracted and statistically analyzed to identify correlations with physical building parameters (height, horizontal dimensions, age) and site characteristics (rock sites or soft sites). The study shows that (1) the building height or number of floors (N) is the primary statistically robust parameter for the estimation of the fundamental period T; (2) the correlation between T and N is linear and site dependent: T ≈ N/23 for rock sites and N/18 for soft sites; (3) the measured damping is inversely proportional to the period: the taller the building the lower is the damping; (4) a significant overestimation of the period exists in current building codes. However part of the large discrepancy with building code recommendations may be due to the very low level of loading.  相似文献   

Relations between rainfall–runoff‐induced erosion and aeolian deposition at archaeological sites in a semi‐arid dam‐controlled river corridor          下载免费PDF全文

Brian D. Collins  David R. Bedford  Skye C. Corbett  Collin Cronkite‐Ratcliff  Helen C. Fairley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(7):899-917

Process dynamics in fluvial‐based dryland environments are highly complex with fluvial, aeolian, and alluvial processes all contributing to landscape change. When anthropogenic activities such as dam‐building affect fluvial processes, the complexity in local response can be further increased by flood‐ and sediment‐limiting flows. Understanding these complexities is key to predicting landscape behavior in drylands and has important scientific and management implications, including for studies related to paleoclimatology, landscape ecology evolution, and archaeological site context and preservation. Here we use multi‐temporal LiDAR surveys, local weather data, and geomorphological observations to identify trends in site change throughout the 446‐km‐long semi‐arid Colorado River corridor in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, where archaeological site degradation related to the effects of upstream dam operation is a concern. Using several site case studies, we show the range of landscape responses that might be expected from concomitant occurrence of dam‐controlled fluvial sand bar deposition, aeolian sand transport, and rainfall‐induced erosion. Empirical rainfall‐erosion threshold analyses coupled with a numerical rainfall–runoff–soil erosion model indicate that infiltration‐excess overland flow and gullying govern large‐scale (centimeter‐ to decimeter‐scale) landscape changes, but that aeolian deposition can in some cases mitigate gully erosion. Whereas threshold analyses identify the normalized rainfall intensity (defined as the ratio of rainfall intensity to hydraulic conductivity) as the primary factor governing hydrologic‐driven erosion, assessment of false positives and false negatives in the dataset highlight topographic slope as the next most important parameter governing site response. Analysis of 4+ years of high resolution (four‐minute) weather data and 75+ years of low resolution (daily) climate records indicates that dryland erosion is dependent on short‐term, storm‐driven rainfall intensity rather than cumulative rainfall, and that erosion can occur outside of wet seasons and even wet years. These results can apply to other similar semi‐arid landscapes where process complexity may not be fully understood. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA  相似文献   

Planform dynamics of the Iquitos anabranching structure in the Peruvian Upper Amazon River          下载免费PDF全文

Alejandro Mendoza  Jorge D. Abad  Christian E. Frias  Collin Ortals  Jorge Paredes  Hugo Montoro  Jorge Vizcarra  Cesar Simon  Gabriel Soto‐Cortés 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(7):961-970

The upper reach of the Amazon River has a very dynamic morphology, with the highest rates of migration observed in the entire Amazon River. It has an anabranching channel pattern which alternates between a condition of single channel and anabranching structures; in particular, the anabranching structure near Iquitos City shows an interesting channel behavior. Its channels migrate at different rates, where there are processes of narrowing and widening, and also collision and development of new channels. The temporal evolution of the Iquitos anabranching structure is described during the period from 1985 to 2014. The study is carried out by using satellite images to track the migration patterns, which are contrasted to the underlying geological units in the valley. Bathymetry of the structure and several velocity transects were obtained during a field campaign prior to the 2012 historic flood event. This information allowed for numerical modeling in order to compute the hydrodynamic flow field that complements the temporal analysis, aiming to understand the planform migration patterns after the 2012 flood event. It is observed that the geological units play an important role in modulating the migration rates and planform development of the channels. The channels in the structure are in contention to be the main channel, which become the secondary channel after migration. This causes the channels to experience a rise in bed elevation and narrowing of the channel itself; if this trend continues for several more years, these channels will detach from the Iquitos anabranching structure, thus forming paleo‐channels. This geomorphic process is important for horizontal and vertical soil heterogeneity along the floodplain. In general, the analysis shows a complex interaction between the underlying geological units, flow structure, morphology of the bed and planform migration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Modeling the effect of wetting on the mechanical behavior of crushable granular materials     

Carlos Ovalle  Pierre-Yves Hicher 《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,(2):487-494

It is well known that the compressibility of crushable granular materials increases with the moisture content,due to the decrease of particle strength in a humid environment.An existing approach to take into account the effect of grain breakage in constitutive modeling consists in linking the evolution of the grain size distribution to the plastic work.But how the material humidity can affect this relationship is not clear,and experimental evidence is quite scarce.Based on compression tests on dry and saturated crushable sand recently reported by the present authors,a new non-linear relationship is proposed between the amount of particle breakage and the plastic work.The expression contains two parameters:(1)a material constant dependent on the grain characteristics and(2)a constant depending on the wetting condition(in this study,dry or saturated).A key finding is that the relationship does not depend on the stress path and,for a given wetting condition,only one set of parameters is necessary to reproduce the results of isotropic,oedometric,and triaxial compression tests.The relationship has been introduced into an elastoplastic constitutive model based on the critical state concept with a double yield surface for plastic sliding and compression.The breakage ratio is introduced into the expression of the elastic stiffness,the critical state line and the hardening compression pressure.Incremental stress-strain computations with the model allow the plastic work to be calculated and,therefore,the evolution of particle crushing can be predicted through the proposed non-linear relationship and reintroduced into the constitutive equations.Accurate predictions of the experimental results in terms of both stress-strain relationships and breakage ratio were obtained.  相似文献   

Characterization of site conditions (soil class,V<Subscript>S30</Subscript>, velocity profiles) for 33 stations from the French permanent accelerometric network (RAP) using surface-wave methods     

Fabrice Hollender  Cécile Cornou  Aline Dechamp  Kaveh Oghalaei  Florence Renalier  Emeline Maufroy  Clément Burnouf  Sylvette Thomassin  Marc Wathelet  Pierre-Yves Bard  Vincent Boutin  Clément Desbordes  Isabelle Douste-Bacqué  Laetitia Foundotos  Cédric Guyonnet-Benaize  Vincent Perron  Julie Régnier  Agathe Roullé  Mickael Langlais  Deborah Sicilia 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(6):2337-2365

Data provided by accelerometric networks are important for seismic hazard assessment. The correct use of accelerometric signals is conditioned by the station site metadata quality (i.e., soil class, V_S30, velocity profiles, and other relevant information that can help to quantify site effects). In France, the permanent accelerometric network consists of about 150 stations. Thirty-three of these stations in the southern half of France have been characterized, using surface-wave-based methods that allow derivation of velocity profiles from dispersion curves of surface waves. The computation of dispersion curves and their subsequent inversion in terms of shear-wave velocity profiles has allowed estimation of V_S30 values and designation of soil classes, which include the corresponding uncertainties. From a methodological point of view, this survey leads to the following recommendations: (1) perform both active (multi-analysis surface waves) and passive (ambient vibration arrays) measurements to derive dispersion curves in a broadband frequency range; (2) perform active acquisitions for both vertical (Rayleigh wave) and horizontal (Love wave) polarities. Even when the logistic contexts are sometimes difficult, the use of surface-wave-based methods is suitable for station-site characterization, even on rock sites. In comparison with previous studies that have mainly estimated V_S30 indirectly, the new values here are globally lower, but the EC8-A class sites remain numerous. However, even on rock sites, high frequency amplifications may affect accelerometric records, due to the shallow relatively softer layers.  相似文献   

Geochemistry of post-extinction microbialites as a powerful tool to assess the oxygenation of shallow marine water in the immediate aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. Y. Collin  S. Kershaw  N. Tribovillard  M. B. Forel  S. Crasquin 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2015,104(4):1025-1037

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KARSYS hydrogeological 3D modeling of alpine karst aquifers developed in geologically complex areas: Picos de Europa National Park (Spain)     

Daniel Ballesteros  Arnauld Malard  Pierre-Yves Jeannin  Montserrat Jiménez-Sánchez  Joaquín García-Sansegundo  Mónica Meléndez-Asensio  Gemma Sendra 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2015,74(12):7699-7714

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Assessing karst-hydraulic hazards in tunneling—the Brunnmühle spring system—Bernese Jura,Switzerland   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Pierre-Yves Jeannin  Arnauld Malard  Demian Rickerl  Eric Weber 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2015,74(12):7655-7670

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Relationships between karst and tectonics: case-study of the cave system north of Lake Thun (Bern,Switzerland)     

Philipp Häuselmann  Pierre-Yves Jeannin  Thomas Bitterli 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(6):377-387

Abstract

The cave system is situated north of Lake Thun, in the Helvetic border chain. The overall geology is simple: the slightly dipping (15–25° towards the southeast) strata are interrupted by a NE-SW trending normal fault with a throw of 150 m in the NE and about 500 m in the SW. Since a part of the region is covered by flysch, the caves are the only way to observe the geological setting of the underlying Cretaceous and Eocene series. We show that observations in caves may yield valuable information about the onset of the tectonic movements: in particular, observations in the Barenkluft region clearly demonstrate that the beginning of préalpine extension had already begun in the Upper Cretaceous, and that this normal fault has been inverted later during Alpine compression. We also illustrate the influence of tectonic stress and strain upon karstification. The Alpine tectonic phases, with alternating compression and extension, contributed to the development of different karstogenetic levels. Tectonic strains opened and possibly closed some fractures, allowing (or preventing) water to flow through parts of the karst massive. The structural setting, defining the overall geometry of the limestone bed, played an important role in the development of the various phases of the system. Most of the conduits appear to belong to old, deep phreatic systems. Tectonics is only one of a number of factors controlling karstification. Together with lithology, it represents the geological control. Geomorphological factors (mainly spring and catchment positions, but also erosion of the flysch cover), as well as bioclimatical factors (quantity and physico-chemical characteristics of water), and hydrodynamics and transport processes can play a significant role on the genesis of karst systems. © 1999 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS  相似文献   

Reconstruction of Alpine Cenozoic paleorelief through the analysis of caves at Siebenhengste (BE,Switzerland)     

Philipp Häuselmann  Pierre-Yves Jeannin  Michel Monbaron  Stein-Erik Lauritzen 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(5-6):261-276

Abstract

The cave region of Siebenhengste, situated north of Lake Thun (Switzerland), contains one of the most important cave systems in the world, which extends from 500 to 2000 m a.s.l. It has a complex multiphase history. The recognized speleogenetic phases are related to spring level and to old valley floors. The six most recent phases were investigated in St. Beatus cave and Bärenschacht. They suggest a progressive Quarternary Aare valley incision to 890, 805, 760, 700, 660, and 558 m a.s.l. that is confirmed by statistical analysis of small caves. U/Th-datings of flowstone allowed a timing of the valley deepening phases: the valley bottom was at 760 m already before 350 ka, the one at 700 m was active between 235 and 160 ka. The cave morphology in the upper part of the cave system was coupled with sedimentological observations. This combination leads to the hypothesis that the uppermost (oldest) cave parts were already created in the Miocene, during and after the last deposition of the Molasse. Ideas about the evolution of the paleorelief suggest that today's Aare valley is a product of glacial erosion, and that the old Aare valley shifted its position several times between the Miocene and today. © 2002 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.  相似文献