Water saturation (Sw) is a vital parameter in the evaluation of hydrocarbon reservoir. Realistic estimation of Sw in shale reservoir is a challenging problem because of the presence of significant clay minerals and organic matter. The present study aims to estimate Sw of organic-rich Cambay Shale, Jambusar–Broach block, Cambay Basin, India, using an effective methodology and improved equation (TOC–clay equation), considering the appropriate corrections to counter the effect of clay minerals and organic matter in modifying resistivity. Advanced log like Litho-scanner has been utilized for the continuous estimation of clay content and total organic carbon (TOC), required for the estimation of Sw. Elemental capture spectroscopy and support vector regression were also applied for evaluation of clay content and TOC in one well where Litho-scanner log is not available. To investigate the effectiveness and applicability of the TOC–clay equation, results of Sw estimated from this equation and various other models have been compared with core Sw for a well. The analysis indicates that Sw derived from TOC–clay equation is having the closest agreement to core Sw data with an average absolute percentage error of 7.9% and coefficient of correlation 0.95. For other models, average absolute errors are significantly higher (16.8–32.7%). The application of TOC–clay equation will be useful for evaluation of the Cambay Shale reservoir. In addition, the resistivity-based TOC–clay equation used in this study is simple with a practical approach; it can be applied easily and efficiently for any organic-rich shale reservoir elsewhere.
Certain complex processes are most effectively modeled not on the macro-scale, but from the bottom-up, by simulating the decisions of individual entities, or agents. This study uses an agent-based modeling (ABM) approach to simulate residential dynamics in an area of Boston that has increasingly experienced gentrification in the past decades. The model is instantiated using basic empirical data and uses simple decision-making rules, differentiated into four classes, to simulate the process of residential dynamics. The model employs the consumption explanation of the cause of gentrification, which emphasizes the choices of individuals drawn to urban amenities, while testing the production explanation, which suggests that major investments from the public and private sphere attract and explain gentrification. Verification shows that the processes in the model work according to its construction, simulates complexity and emergent phenomena, and may be a valuable explanatory tool for understanding and learning about some processes underlying gentrification. 相似文献
In this paper, we compare the petrological histories of the Kemp Land Coast (east Antarctica), and Gokavaram area (Eastern Ghats), that were supposed to have been juxtaposed. The area around Gokavaram is dominated by different varieties of paragneisses (pelitic, quartzofeldspathic, and calcareous composition) with relatively minor amounts of orthogneisses (mafic, enderbitic, and granitic composition). The rocks were involved in three major phases of deformation, and were finally affected by localised shear movement. On the basis of reaction textures, well preserved in high Mg-Al granulites, and calc-silicate granulites, and geothermobarometric data we deduce a polymetamorphic evolution of the rocks. Following an early M1 metamorphism culminating at 9.2–9.4 kbar, > 950°C, the rocks cooled nearly isobarically down to 850°C. During a subsequent M2 metamorphism, near isothermal decompression to 5–6 kbar occurred. This was followed by near isobaric cooling down to 600–650°C. M3 is a weak amphibolite facies overprint, largely restricted to late shears, which involved hydration as well. Available radiometric data from this area can be interpreted in terms of partial resetting of U-Pb systematics in older sphenes due to M3 metamorphism at ca. 550 Ma. Despite the absence of sufficient isotopic data on the Eastern Ghats granulites, we document a remarkable similarity in the petrological history of the two supposedly erstwhile neighbours. 相似文献
Environment plays an important role in the evolution of the gas contents of galaxies. Gas deficiency of cluster spirals and the role of the hot intracluster medium in stripping gas from these galaxies is a well-studied subject. Loose groups with diffuse X-ray emission from the intragroup medium (IGM) offer an intermediate environment between clusters and groups without a hot IGM. These X-ray bright groups have smaller velocity dispersion and lower temperature than clusters, but higher IGM density than loose groups without diffuse X-ray emission. A single-dish comparative study of loose groups with and without diffuse X-ray emission from the IGM, showed that the galaxies in X-ray bright groups have lost more gas on average than the galaxies in non X-ray bright groups. In this paper we present GMRT H i observations of 13 galaxies from four X-ray bright groups: NGC 5044, 720, 1550 and IC1459. The aim of this work is to study the morphology of H i in these galaxies and to see if the hot IGM has in any way affected their H i content or distribution. In addition to disturbed H i morphology, we find that most galaxies have shrunken H i discs compared to the field spirals. This indicates that IGM-assisted stripping processes like ram pressure may have stripped gas from the outer edges of the galaxies. 相似文献
With only twenty five percent population living in urban areas, India has cities amongst the biggest in the world. Urban growth
in most of Indian cities is concomitant with rise in water demand for community, as well as, for industrial purposes. The
complex situation resulting from indiscriminate disposal of waste and its severe impact on groundwater quality is set for
continuous worsening mainly for want of sustained effort aimed at site-specific remediation.
The study, a prerequisite for actual remediation in an industrial city of Kanpur, India, envisages detailed investigation
about pollutant transport, evaluation of concept of Bio-remediation and a range of other options and finally full scale implementation
of the best suited. Drilling of piezometers and resistivity survey indicates that the area is constituted of alluvial sands,
gravels and their various admixtures. Chemical analysis of water samples collected from piezometers and hand pumps shows the
presence of hexavalent chromium rich horizons at various depths. The alarming concentration of this carcinogenic heavy metal
of the order of 16.3 mg/l against the permissible concentration (of 0.05 mg/l) for drinking water and high concentration within
sediments of the area poses a major threat to the entire ecosystem. The projection of migration contaminant plume of hexavalent
chromium as depicted in the paper is indicative of a concentrated extent of core zone existing in shallow alluvial aquifer,
which may be targeted for interception by remedial measures.
The present work, elaborating on the source, potential and monitoring the migration of the pollutant plume is the first field
scale study of its kind in the country. The findings of these studies are of strong relevance in addressing the ground water
pollution due to indiscriminate disposal practices of hazardous waste in areas located within the alluvial zones. 相似文献