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51.
利用山东省80个代表站1961~2003年月平均气温资料和同期NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,运用统计学方法,分析了季风背景下冬、夏季气温异常的年际、年代际变化和周期特征及变温的空间分布,并研究了东亚冬、夏季风对气温变化的影响。结果表明,冬夏季气温变化趋势明显不同,冬季增温趋势显著,夏季无明显增温趋势;2~6年的周期振荡在不同时期通过了0.05信度检验,小波分析2004年夏季气温不会偏高推断得到证实。冬、夏季气候具有明显的季风特征,季风与气温关系密切,即强(弱)冬季风山东易冷(暖)冬;强(弱)夏季风,易暖(冷)夏。冬季风比夏季风对同期气温作用更显著。季风的隔季相关性质对气温的变化有一定影响。 相似文献
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地图制图专家知识对地理信息符号化过程的控制 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
针对纸质地图数字化得到地理信息(空间数据)的过程中存在地图信息损失的问题,阐述了产生这种损失的原因。数字化后得到的地理信息是各种GIS应用系统的重要数据源,在GIS应用中需要把这些地理信息重新再现成地图。为了得到较好的地图显示效果,有必要将数字化后损失的地图信息在从地理数据到地图符号化的过程中进行补偿。论述了在符号化过程中如何充分利用地图制图专家的多年知识和经验,将用自然语言表达的不确定性的专家知识形式化,以此来控制整个符号化的过程,达到改善地图显示效果的目的。 相似文献
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刘群 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2015,33(4):966-973
Catch and effort data were analyzed to estimate the maximum sustainable yield(MSY) of King Soldier Bream, Argyrops spinifer(Forssk?l, 1775, Family: Sparidae), and to evaluate the present status of the fish stocks exploited in Pakistani waters. The catch and effort data for the 25-years period 1985–2009 were analyzed using two computer software packages, CEDA(catch and effort data analysis) and ASPIC(a surplus production model incorporating covariates). The maximum catch of 3 458 t was observed in 1988 and the minimum catch of 1 324 t in 2005, while the average annual catch of A. spinifer over the 25 years was 2 500 t. The surplus production models of Fox, Schaefer, and Pella Tomlinson under three error assumptions of normal, log-normal and gamma are in the CEDA package and the two surplus models of Fox and logistic are in the ASPIC package. In CEDA, the MSY was estimated by applying the initial proportion(IP) of 0.8, because the starting catch was approximately 80% of the maximum catch. Except for gamma, because gamma showed maximization failures, the estimated results of MSY using CEDA with the Fox surplus production model and two error assumptions, were 1 692.08 t(R 2 =0.572) and 1 694.09 t( R 2 =0.606), respectively, and from the Schaefer and the Pella Tomlinson models with two error assumptions were 2 390.95 t( R 2 =0.563), and 2 380.06 t( R 2 =0.605), respectively. The MSY estimated by the Fox model was conservatively compared to the Schaefer and Pella Tomlinson models. The MSY values from Schaefer and Pella Tomlinson models were the same. The computed values of MSY using the ASPIC computer software program with the two surplus production models of Fox and logistic were 1 498 t(R 2 =0.917), and 2 488 t( R 2 =0.897) respectively. The estimated values of MSY using CEDA were about 1 700–2 400 t and the values from ASPIC were 1 500–2 500 t. The estimates output by the CEDA and the ASPIC packages indicate that the stock is overfished, and needs some effective management to reduce the fishing effort of the species in Pakistani waters. 相似文献
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Delay-difference models are intermediate between simple surplus-production models and complicated age-structured models. Such intermediate models are more efficient and require less data than age-structured models. In this study, a delay-difference model was applied to fit catch and catch per unit effort(CPUE) data(1975–2011) of the southern Atlantic albacore(Thunnus alalunga) stock. The proposed delay-difference model captures annual fluctuations in predicted CPUE data better than Fox model. In a Monte Carlo simulation, white noises(CVs) were superimposed on the observed CPUE data at four levels. Relative estimate error was then calculated to compare the estimated results with the true values of parameters α and β in Ricker stock-recruitment model and the catchability coefficient q. α is more sensitive to CV than β and q. We also calculated an 80% percentile confidence interval of the maximum sustainable yield(MSY, 21756 t to 23408 t; median 22490 t) with the delay-difference model. The yield of the southern Atlantic albacore stock in 2011 was 24122 t, and the estimated ratios of catch against MSY for the past seven years were approximately 1.0. We suggest that care should be taken to protect the albacore fishery in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The proposed delay-difference model provides a good fit to the data of southern Atlantic albacore stock and may be a useful choice for the assessment of regional albacore stock. 相似文献
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Evolution of aerosol vertical distribution during particulate pollution events in Shanghai
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A set of micro pulse lidar(MPL)systems operating at 532 nm was used for ground-based observation of aerosols in Shanghai in 2011.Three typical particulate pollution events(e.g.,haze)were examined to determine the evolution of aerosol vertical distribution and the planetary boundary layer(PBL)during these pollution episodes.The aerosol vertical extinction coefficient(VEC)at any given measured altitude was prominently larger during haze periods than that before or after the associated event.Aerosols originating from various source regions exerted forcing to some extent on aerosol loading and vertical layering,leading to different aerosol vertical distribution structures.Aerosol VECs were always maximized near the surface owing to the potential influence of local pollutant emissions.Several peaks in aerosol VECs were found at altitudes above 1 km during the dust-and bioburning-influenced haze events.Aerosol VECs decreased with increasing altitude during the local-polluted haze event,with a single maximum in the surface atmosphere.PM2.5 increased slowly while PBL and visibility decreased gradually in the early stages of haze events;subsequently,PM2.5 accumulated and was exacerbated until serious pollution bursts occurred in the middle and later stages.The results reveal that aerosols from different sources impact aerosol vertical distributions in the atmosphere and that the relationship between PBL and pollutant loadings may play an important role in the formation of pollution. 相似文献
59.
伊通盆地鹿乡断陷双阳组储层孔隙结构特征及其控制因素 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
通过对钻井岩芯及铸体薄片、扫描电镜观察,结合压汞分析测试,研究了伊通盆地鹿乡断陷双阳组储层的孔隙结构特征。结果表明:储层成因类型主要为扇三角洲砂体,部分为水下扇砂体;储层砂体孔隙类型以次生溶蚀孔隙为主,部分为原生粒间孔隙,具体可见粒内溶孔、原生粒间孔和粒间溶蚀扩大孔等;孔隙喉道较小,分选不好,连通性差,总体为低孔低渗型储层,其中,双阳组二段储层略好于双三段,双一段最差。双阳组储层孔隙结构特征主要受砂体成因类型和成岩作用的控制,此外,岩石粒度和构造作用也对孔隙结构有一定的控制作用。 相似文献
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通过对白龙江下游涉核地区及周边地区的汽车能谱测量和地面伽玛能谱测量以及空气中的氡浓度的监测,得出区内各地层中的U、Th、K含量均符合当地各地层的特性,与当地本底基本一致,空气氡浓度范围为183.9~305.8 Bq/m3,均属正常,符合当地的天然放射性环境情况,对环境无任何影响。 相似文献