Hysteresis‐based analysis of overland metal transport     

Surendra Kumar Mishra  J. J. Sansalone  Vijay P. Singh 《水文研究》2003,17(8):1579-1606

Introducing a concept of equivalent mass depth of flow, this study describes the phenomenon of non‐point source pollutant (metal) transport for pavement (or overland) flow in analogy with wave propagation in wide open channels. Hysteretic and normal mass rating curves are developed for runoff rate and mass of 12 dissolved and particulate‐bound metal elements (pollutants) using the rainfall‐runoff and water quality data of the 15 × 20 m² instrumented pavement in Cincinnati, USA. Normal mass rating curves developed for easy computation of pollutant load are found to be of a form similar to Manning's, which is valid for open channel flows. Based on the hysteresis analysis, wave types for dissolution and mixing of particulate‐bound metals are identified. The analysis finds that the second‐order partial‐differential equation normally used for metal transport does not have the efficacy to describe fully the strong non‐linear phenomena such as is described for various metal elements by dynamic waves. In addition, the proportionality concept of the popular SCS‐CN concept is extended for determining the potential maximum metal mass M_p of all the 12 elements transported by a rain storm and related to the antecedent dry period (ADP). For the primary metal zinc element, M_p is found to increase with the ADP and vice versa. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Extreme Rainfall Events and Associated Natural Hazards in Alaknanda Valley, Indian Himalayan Region   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

JOSHI Varun KUMAR Kireet 《山地科学学报》2006,3(3):228-236

Introduction The Himalaya is considered to be the youngest mountains on the earth, and is tectonically very active, and hence inherently (geologically) vulnerable to hazards. Extreme rainfall events, landslides, debris flows, torrents and flash floods due…  相似文献   

Deuterium on Venus: Model comparisons with pioneer Venus observations of the predawn bulge ionosphere     

Shailendra Kumar  Harry A. Taylor 《Icarus》1985,62(3):494-504

A model of the predawn bulge ionosphere composition and structure is constructed and compared with the ion mass spectrometer measurements from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter during orbits 117 and 120. Particular emphasis is given to the identification of the mass-2 ion which we find unequivocally due to D⁺ (and not H₂⁺). The atmospheric D/H ratio of 1.4% and 2.5% is obtained at the homopause (～ 130 km) for the two orbits. The H₂⁺ contribution to the mass-2 ion density is less than 10%, and the H₂ mixing ratio must be <0.1 ppm at 130 km altitude. The He⁺ data require a downward He⁺ flux of ～2 × 10⁷ cm^?2 sec^?1 in the predawn region which suggest that the light ions also flow across the terminator from day to night along with the observed O⁺ ion flow.  相似文献   

Free-convective flow of non-Newtonian fluid with heat sources     

Basant Kumar Jha 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1991,175(2):225-228

An analytical study is performed to examine the effects of temperature-dependent heat source on free-convective flow of non-Newtonian fluid (Walters's liquidB). The expression for the velocity field has been obtained by the Laplace transform technique. The influence of the various parameter entering into the problem is extensively discussed.  相似文献   

Changing population concentration in India: a macro-regional scenario     

Kumar K  Taragi RC 《Population geography : a journal of the Association of Population Geographers of India》1986,8(1-2):58-63

There are great spatial variations in the distribution of the fast growing populations of India. About 70% of the 1981 population is concentrated in only 40% of the geographical area. Such a pattern of population concentration, with its spatio-temporal dimension, can be understood better if examined at the macro-regional level considering the physico-climatic and socio-economic diversity of the country. This is done by way of analyzing district level data for India as a whole and also for its various macro-regions. The study reveals that the Great Plains and Coastal Plains and Islands have a homogenous distribution and a higher population increase. The Deccan Plateau shows the most homogenous dispersion of population. The population is declining in the Northern Mountains and the Great Plains but accentuating in the Coastal Plains and Islands and the Deccan Plateau. The north and south of India are showing opposite trends in population concentration.  相似文献   

Spherical variable-energy blast wave in self-gravitating gas     

Santosh Kumar 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1985,115(1):127-143

Modified similarity method has been used to study the propagation of spherical-variable energy blast waves through a self-gravitating gas. For an energy inputE =E ₀t^4/3, whereE is the energy released up to timet andE ₀ is a functional constant, the similarity solutions correct up to third approximation have been obtained. It is found that the effects of self-gravitational forces are of third order. An increase in the parameterA ² (characterising the gravitational field) increases the shock velocity.  相似文献   

Age estimates of coastal terraces in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and their tectonic implications     

Kusala Rajendran  C.P. Rajendran  Anil Earnest  G.V. Ravi Prasad  K. Dutta  D.K. Ray  R. Anu 《Tectonophysics》2008,455(1-4):53-60

The great Indian Ocean earthquake of December 26, 2004 caused significant vertical changes in its rupture zone. About 800 km of the rupture is along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which forms the outer arc ridge of the subduction zone. Coseismic deformation along the exposed land could be observed as uplift/subsidence. Here we analyze the morphological features along the coast of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in an effort to reconstruct the past tectonics, taking cues from the coseismic effects. We obtained radiocarbon dates from coastal terraces of the island belt and used them to compute uplift rates, which vary from 1.33 mm yr^− 1 in the Little Andaman to 2.80 mm yr^− 1 in South Andaman and 2.45 mm yr^− 1 in the North Andaman. Our radiocarbon dates converge on  600 yr and  1000 yr old coastal uplifts, which we attribute to the level changes due to two major previous subduction earthquakes in the region.  相似文献   

Characteristics of spectral aerosol optical depths over India during ICARB     

S. Naseema Beegum  K. Krishna Moorthy  Vijayakumar S. Nair  S. Suresh Babu  S. K. Satheesh  V. Vinoj  R. Ramakrishna Reddy  K. Rama Gopal  K. V. S. Badarinath  K. Niranjan  Santosh Kumar Pandey  M. Behera  A. Jeyaram  P. K. Bhuyan  M. M. Gogoi  Sacchidanand Singh  P. Pant  U. C. Dumka  Yogesh Kant  J. C. Kuniyal  Darshan Singh 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(1):303-313

Spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements, carried out regularly from a network of observatories spread over the Indian mainland and adjoining islands in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, are used to examine the spatio-temporal and spectral variations during the period of ICARB (March to May 2006). The AODs and the derived Ångström parameters showed considerable variations across India during the above period. While at the southern peninsular stations the AODs decreased towards May after a peak in April, in the north Indian regions they increased continuously from March to May. The Ångström coefficients suggested enhanced coarse mode loading in the north Indian regions, compared to southern India. Nevertheless, as months progressed from March to May, the dominance of coarse mode aerosols increased in the columnar aerosol size spectrum over the entire Indian mainland, maintaining the regional distinctiveness. Compared to the above, the island stations showed considerably low AODs, so too the northeastern station Dibrugarh, indicating the prevalence of cleaner environment. Long-range transport of aerosols from tshe adjoining regions leads to remarkable changes in the magnitude of the AODs and their wavelength dependencies during March to May. HYSPLIT back-trajectory analysis shows that enhanced long-range transport of aerosols, particularly from the west Asia and northwest coastal India, contributed significantly to the enhancement of AOD and in the flattening of the spectra over entire regions; if it is the peninsular regions and the island Minicoy are more impacted in April, the north Indian regions including the Indo Gangetic Plain get affected the most during May, with the AODs soaring as high as 1.0 at 500 nm. Over the islands, the Ångström exponent (α) remained significantly lower (～1) over the Arabian Sea compared to Bay of Bengal (BoB) (～1.4) as revealed by the data respectively from Minicoy and Port Blair. Occurrences of higher values of α, showing dominance of accumulation mode aerosols, over BoB are associated well with the advection, above the boundary layer, of fine particles from the east Asian region during March and April. The change in the airmass to marine in May results in a rapid decrease in α over the BoB.  相似文献   

Observations of unusual whistlers during daytime at Jammu     

K. K. Singh  R. P. Patel  J. Singh  B. Kumar  A. K. Singh  R. P. Singh  B. L. Koul  Lalmani 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(3):219-225

In this paper, we report observations of unusual whistlers recorded at Jammu (geomag. lat. = 22°26′N; L = 1.17), India on March 8, 1999 during the daytime. They are interpreted as one-hop ducted whistlers having propagated along higher L-values in closely spaced narrow ducts from the opposite hemispheres. After leakage from the duct, the waves might have propagated in the earth-ionosphere waveguide towards the equator in surface mode. Tentative explanation of the dynamic spectra of these events is briefly presented.  相似文献   

GIS-based colour composites and overlays to delineate heavy metal contamination zones in the shallow alluvial aquifers, Ankaleshwar industrial estate, south Gujarat, India     

Suyash Kumar  K. D. Shirke  N. J. Pawar 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(1):117-129

In an attempt to delineate heavy metal contamination precincts and to evaluate the extent and degree of toxic levels, besides their possible sources, 38 water samples from Ankaleshwar Industrial Estate, south Gujarat, India were analyzed. By clutching geochemical analyses and GIS-based colour composites areas depicting anomalously high concentration of heavy metals (Mo, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co, Cd, etc.) in the groundwater were revealed. The multicomponent overlays in grey-scale facilitated in identifying situates of heavy metal ‘hot spots’, and lateral protuberances of the contamination plume around defile stretch of the main stream Amla Khadi flowing through the area. The multiple pollution plumes emerging from other parts of the area further coincide with effluent laden streams and small channels indicating industrial establishments as major sources of groundwater contamination. Influent nature of the streams, accelerated infiltration process, high mass influx and shallow groundwater table are the factors conducive for easy access of heavy metals to the phreatic aquifers affecting over 20 km² area. On the basis of P/U ratios (concentration of metals in polluted water to unpolluted water), geogenic and anthropogenic sources have been identified. Very high levels of technogenic elements present in the ground water raise concerns about possible migration into food crops, as the area is an important horticultural locale and is highly cultivated.  相似文献