Step-like temperature fluctuations associated with inverted ramps in a stable surface layer   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Tokio Kikuchi  Osamu Chiba 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1985,31(1):51-63

Ensemble averages of temperature before and after step-like temperature fluctuations reveal the presence of inverted ramps in a stable surface layer. Normalized frequency of upward steps increases with increasing stability, whereas normalized magnitude of the temperature step decreases with stability and becomes constant at about R _i = 1. These results suggest that the significance of temperature steps increases as stability increases. In moderate stability, the temperature pattern shows a gradual decrease after an upward step, which can be called a time-inverted ramp. Descending air and large downward heat flux are observed in a time-inverted ramp, suggesting a contribution from an ordered motion in wind. On the other hand, the temperature steps are related to gravity waves in strong stability.  相似文献   

Iterative deconvolution of complex body waves from great earthquakes—the Tokachi-Oki earthquake of 1968     

Masayuki Kikuchi  Yoshio Fukao 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1985,37(4):235-248

A method of body-wave inversion is developed in an attempt to extract the information about asperities or barriers in a fault zone. A sequence of point sources, each being characterized with the seismic moment, the onset time and the location, are iteratively derived from observed records at multi-stations, where the two-dimensional extent of the source location is taken into account. A modification is made of the iterative method of Kikuchi and Kanamori on the formulation of inversion procedure to facilitate the computation.Using this method, we analyse long period P waves of the Tokachi-Oki earthquake of 1968 (M_w = 8.2) and obtain several significant subevents with time durations of ～ 10 s. Their spatio-temporal distribution shows that the rupture process consists of three characteristic stages: (A) a stage of introductory rupture, (B) a stage of main rupture and (C) a stage of aftershocks. The main rupture takes place in the form of clustering around a few sites of the fault plane. The largest subevent occurs in the northwestern corner. The stress drop associated with this event is estimated to be ～ 200 bars, one order of magnitude higher than the stress drop averaged over the entire fault plane. The sum of the seismic moments of the individual subevents amounts to 2.3 × 10²⁸ dyn. cm which approximately coincides with the one estimated from the analysis of long-period surface waves. This implies that the source of the Tokachi-Oki earthquake consists of several major subevents with time durations of ～ 10 s in addition to other minor subevents.  相似文献   

Evidences linking ENSO and coral growth in the Southwestern-South Atlantic     

H. Evangelista  D. Godiva  A. Sifeddine  Z. M. A. N. Leão  N. R. Rigozo  B. Segal  T. Ambrizzi  M. Kampel  R. K. P. Kikuchi  F. Le Cornec 《Climate Dynamics》2007,29(7-8):869-880

Physical and biological changes in the marine environment, induced by oceanic-atmospheric processes, can be imprinted in massive coral skeletons. Herein, we present an evidence of potential El Niño impacts at the Southwestern South Atlantic Ocean (SWSA) inferred from the sclerochronology of the reef coral Favia leptophylla. The application of spectral analysis (wavelet decomposition and the iterative regression) to coral growth length and to meteorological-oceanographic parameters (air temperature, sea surface temperature and precipitation) as well as to Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and solar irradiation indicated a major significant inverse relationship between SOI and coral growth length at the 4–8 years frequency band. We propose here that coral growth length from the SWSA could be affected by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events through an “atmospheric bridge”, in contrast to its direct effect at the Pacific Ocean, related to the increase in sea surface temperature.  相似文献   

A mechanical model for elastomeric seismic isolation bearings including the influence of axial load     

Sachie Yamamoto  Masaru Kikuchi  Masaiki Ueda  Ian D. Aiken 《地震工程与结构动力学》2009,38(2):157-180

For the purpose of predicting the large‐displacement response of seismically isolated buildings, an analytical model for elastomeric isolation bearings is proposed. The model comprises shear and axial springs and a series of axial springs at the top and bottom boundaries. The properties of elastomeric bearings vary with the imposed vertical load. At large shear deformations, elastomeric bearings exhibit stiffening behavior under low axial stress and buckling under high axial stress. These properties depend on the interaction between the shear and axial forces. The proposed model includes interaction between shear and axial forces, nonlinear hysteresis, and dependence on axial stress. To confirm the validity of the model, analyses are performed for actual static loading tests of lead–rubber isolation bearings. The results of analyses using the new model show very good agreement with the experimental results. Seismic response analyses with the new model are also conducted to demonstrate the behavior of isolated buildings under severe earthquake excitations. The results obtained from the analyses with the new model differ in some cases from those given by existing models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Population Development of the DinoflagellatesCeratium furca andCeratium fusus during Spring and Early Summer in Iwa Harbor, Sagami Bay, Japan   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Seung Ho Baek  Shinji Shimode  Myung-Soo Han  Tomohiko Kikuchi 《Ocean Science Journal》2008,43(1):49-59

To examine the population development of the dinoflagellates, Ceratium furca and Ceratium fusus, daily field monitoring was conducted between April and July 2003 in the temperate coastal water of Sagami Bay, Japan. During the study period, the concentrations of C. furca were always lower than those of C. fusus. A sharp increase in the densities of both species was recorded on 5 May showing the maximum cell concentrations (C. furca = 14,800 cells L^-1, C. fusus = 49,600 cells L^-1). In the 7 days prior to the May bloom of the Ceratium species (29 April to 1 May), the highest density of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans was observed. Additionally, a second bloom of C. fusus occurred on 22 July. Here, two causes of the significant increases in the Ceratium populations during the two blooming periods (first time; 1 to 8 May, second time; 15 to 22 July) are presented. First, an increase in the nutrients of the surface layer regenerated by the breakdown of blooms by N.scintillans could be considered as a major cause of the population increase of the two Ceratium species. Second, a decrease in salinity (to 27 psu) was correlated with the later bloom ofC. fusus. These results suggest that the population development of the two Ceratium species requires nutrients regenerated after the reduction of the diatom population byN. scintillans and, forC. fusus, continuous low salinity conditions, compared to other environmental factors during the rainy season. Key words: Ceratium furca; Ceratium fusus; Noctiluca scintillans; Bloom process; Environmental factor  相似文献   

Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics (Book Review)     

Kikuchi  H. 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2000,88(1):59-59

Earth, Moon, and Planets -  相似文献   

Structure of the Fram Strait branch of the boundary current in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean     

Andrey V. Pnyushkov  Igor V. Polyakov  Vladimir V. Ivanov  Takashi Kikuchi 《Polar Science》2013,7(2):53-71

Recent mooring-based observations at several locations along the continental slope of the Arctic Ocean's Eurasian Basin showed a transformation of the Boundary Current (BC) from a mostly barotropic flow in Fram Strait to a jet-like baroclinic current northeast of Svalbard, and the reemergence of the barotropic structure of the flow in the eastern Eurasian Basin. This transformation is accompanied by a weakening of the flow from ～24 cm/s in Fram Strait to ～5 cm/s at the Lomonosov Ridge. The maximum of the baroclinic component of the BC at an intermediate depth (～200–370 m) is associated with the Atlantic Water core. The depth range of the baroclinic current maximum is controlled by cross-slope density gradients above and below the baroclinic velocity maximum as follows from the geostrophic balance of forces. According to the model simulations, the BC splits into shallow and deep branches in the proximity of Svalbard due to a divergence of isobaths, confirming topographically-controlled BC behavior. The shallow branch is located at a shelf break with a typical bottom depth of ～200 m and current speed of up to ～24 cm/s. The discussed results, which provide insight on some basic aspects of the dynamics of the BC (the major oceanic heat source for the Arctic Ocean), may be of importance for understanding of the ocean's role in shaping the arctic climate system state.  相似文献   

Cellular model for sand dunes with saltation,avalanche and strong erosion: collisional simulation of barchans     

Atsunari Katsuki  Macoto Kikuchi  Hiraku Nishimori  Noritaka Endo  Keisuke Taniguchi 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(3):372-382

  相似文献   

Spatio-temporal variations in macrozoobenthic assemblage structures in a river-affected lagoon (Idoura Lagoon,Sendai Bay,Japan): Influences of freshwater inflow     

Gen Kanaya  Takao Suzuki  Eisuke Kikuchi 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011

Spatio-temporal changes in macrozoobenthic assemblage structure were monitored at 8 stations in a river-affected temperate lagoon (Idoura Lagoon, Japan) from May 1997 to May 1998 to assess animal–environment relationships in estuarine soft-bottom habitats. A total of 29 taxa occurred with a predominance of a few polychaete species including Heteromastus cf. similis, Hediste spp., Pseudopolydora cf. kempi and Prionospio japonica. The community structure differed significantly among four habitat types that were characterized by different salinity, sediment characteristics, and/or bottom elevation. For each habitat, macrozoobenthic community structure changed significantly with time, which was discriminated mostly by the lower density of polyhaline opportunistic species such as P. cf. kempi in warmer period. The salinity in the study area was much lower from May to September, mainly due to irrigation discharge from paddy fields, which seemed to be a lethal factor for the polyhaline species. C/N ratio and δ¹³C value of the sediment implied the accumulation of river-derived organic matters during the high river flow period. Present results showed the significant effects of fluctuating river discharge on the estuarine soft-bottom habitats, suggesting a linkage among terrestrial, riverine and estuarine ecosystems.  相似文献   

An assessment of Arctic Ocean freshwater content changes from the 1990s to the 2006-2008 period   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Benjamin Rabe  Michael KarcherUrsula Schauer  John M. TooleRichard A. Krishfield  Sergey PisarevFrank Kauker  Rüdiger GerdesTakashi Kikuchi 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2011,58(2):173-185

Unprecedented summer-season sampling of the Arctic Ocean during the period 2006-2008 makes possible a quasi-synoptic estimate of liquid freshwater (LFW) inventories in the Arctic Ocean basins. In comparison to observations from 1992 to 1999, LFW content relative to a salinity of 35 in the layer from the surface to the 34 isohaline increased by 8400±2000 km³ in the Arctic Ocean (water depth greater than 500 m). This is close to the annual export of freshwater (liquid and solid) from the Arctic Ocean reported in the literature.Observations and a model simulation show regional variations in LFW were both due to changes in the depth of the lower halocline, often forced by regional wind-induced Ekman pumping, and a mean freshening of the water column above this depth, associated with an increased net sea ice melt and advection of increased amounts of river water from the Siberian shelves. Over the whole Arctic Ocean, changes in the observed mean salinity above the 34 isohaline dominated estimated changes in LFW content; the contribution to LFW change by bounding isohaline depth changes was less than a quarter of the salinity contribution, and non-linear effects due to both factors were negligible.  相似文献