基于宏基因组测序研究中太平洋海山富钴结壳区非培养微生物生态功能     

霍颖异  程虹  Anton F. Post  王春生  江夏薇  潘杰  吴敏  许学伟 《海洋学报(英文版)》2015,34(4):92-113

富钴结壳是一种重要的海底矿产资源.富钴结壳是生物地球化学和微生物学的研究热点,但目前我们对富钴结壳区的微生物群落结构仍缺乏认识.本研究针对中太平洋海山富钴结壳区沉积物,采用非培养方法获得微生物基因组信息并分析其生态学功能.采用PCR的方法筛选得到78个带有16S rRNA基因的克隆.变形杆菌门和奇古菌门MGI类群分别为古菌和细菌的主要类群.测序并分析了9个带有16S rRNA 基因的fosmid克隆.这些克隆中含有较多的代谢相关和重金属抗性相关基因,表明多样的代谢和抗逆途径在微生物适应富钴结壳环境中发挥了重要作用.代谢途径分析表明,氮循环是富钴结壳区一种重要的生物地球化学过程.此外,发现多个水平基因转移事件,这些基因大部分转移自细菌,少量转移自古菌或植物.比较基因组分析表明,属于奇古菌门MGI类群的克隆W4-93包含一段共线性的基因簇.以上结果说明水平基因转移和基因组分歧进化在微生物适应深海环境过程中发挥了重要作用.  相似文献   

Comparison of Laurentian Fulvic Acid luminescence with that of the hydroquinone/quinone model system: Evidence from low temperature fluorescence studies and EPR spectroscopy     

Freek?Ariese  Sander?van Assema  Cees?Gooijer  Aldo?G.?Bruccoleri  Cooper?H.?LangfordEmail author 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2004,66(1):86-94

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Über einige Innsbrucker Institutsarbeiten seit 1940     

Bruno Sander 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1951,39(1):122-131

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Some remarks on making remote sensing-based mapping of elements at risk usable in international development cooperation     

Post  Joachim  Villagr&#;n  Juan Carlos de L&#;on  St-Pierre  Luc 《Natural Hazards》2016,81(1):189-201

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From free good to commodity: Universalizing the provision of water in Paris (1830–1930)     

Denis Bocquet  Konstantinos Chatzis  Agnès Sander 《Geoforum》2008,(6):1821-1832

This article focuses on the water distribution network in Paris, from the 1830s, when most Parisians got their water from public fountains and private wells, to the 1930s, by which time almost all of the capital’s inhabitants had been connected to the same network and enjoyed a standard service. It contributes, by a detailed analysis of the entire chain of mediators and mediation, to specify how the modern infrastructure ideal actually took form. In that aim, we analyze the manner in which each actor (public as well as private), in accordance with his/her constraints and resources, which depend on his/her position in the social space, was able to conceive of his/her environment, define objectives, confront problems, make choices and deploy a whole range of frequently innovative practices. In order to understand the underlying factors, our task consists in identifying the actors, modi operandi, progress and phases involved in universalizing water services. Spatially analyzing the extension of the water network, this article demonstrates that the process of universalization, far from being the inexorable and linear outcome of the action of a small number of “major historical forces”, was the upshot of the actions of a whole range of actors acting in specific different geographical, social, economic and technical contexts. The achievement of the “modern infrastructural ideal” as a macro-social phenomenon was ultimately down to a long accumulation process of a multitude of actions, interactions, conflicts and learning processes.  相似文献   

Effective and geographically balanced? An output-based assessment of non-state climate actions     

Sander Chan  Robert Falkner  Matthew Goldberg  Harro van Asselt 《Climate Policy》2018,18(1):24-35

At COP21 in Paris, governments reiterated the importance of ‘non-Party’ contributions, placing big bets that the efforts of cities, regions, investors, companies, and other social groups will help keep average global warming limited to well under 2°C. However, there is little systematic knowledge concerning the performance of non-state and subnational efforts. We established a database of 52 climate actions launched at the 2014 UN Climate Summit in New York to assess output performance – that is, the production of relevant outputs – to understand whether they are likely to deliver social and environmental impacts. Moreover, we assess to which extent climate actions are implemented across developed and developing countries. We find that climate actions are starting to deliver, and output performance after one year is higher than one might expect from previous experiences with similar actions. However, differences exist between action areas: resilience actions have yet to produce specific outputs, whereas energy and industry actions perform above average. Furthermore, imbalances between developing and developed countries persist. While many actions target low-income and lower-middle-income economies, the implementation gap in these countries remains greater. More efforts are necessary to mobilize and implement actions that benefit the world’s most vulnerable people.

Policy relevance

Climate actions by non-state and subnational actors are an important complement to the multilateral climate regime and the associated contributions made by national governments. Although such actions hold much potential, we still know very little about how they could deliver in practice. This article addresses this knowledge gap, by showing how 52 climate actions announced at the UN Climate Summit in 2014 have performed thus far. Based on our analysis, we argue that the post-Paris action agenda for non-state and subnational climate action should (1) find more effective ways to incentivize private sector actors to engage in transnational climate governance through actions that seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote climate resilience in a tangible manner; (2) identify factors underlying effectiveness, to take appropriate measures to support underperforming climate actions; and (3) address the large implementation gap of climate actions in developing countries.  相似文献   

Effects of wettability and pore-level displacement on hydrocarbon trapping     

V. Sander Suicmez  Mohammad Piri  Martin J. Blunt 《Advances in water resources》2008

We use a three-dimensional mixed-wet random network model representing Berea sandstone to extend our previous work on relative permeability hysteresis during water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection cycles [Suicmez, VS, Piri, M, Blunt, MJ, 2007, Pore-scale simulation of water alternate gas injection, Transport Porous Med 66(3), 259–86]. We compute the trapped hydrocarbon saturation for tertiary water-flooding, which is water injection into different initial gas saturations, S_gi, established by secondary gas injection after primary drainage. Tertiary water-flooding is continued until all the gas and oil is trapped. We study four different wettability conditions: water-wet, weakly water-wet, weakly oil-wet and oil-wet. We demonstrate that the amounts of oil and gas that are trapped show surprising trends with wettability that cannot be captured using previously developed empirical trapping models. We show that the amount of oil that is trapped by water in the presence of gas increases as the medium becomes more oil-wet, which is opposite from that seen for two-phase flow. It is only through a careful analysis of displacement statistics and fluid configurations that these results can be explained. This illustrates the need to have detailed models of the displacement processes that represent the three-phase displacement physics as carefully as possible. Further work is needed to explore the full range of behavior as a function of wettability and displacement path.  相似文献   

Assessment of Water Availability in a Central-European River Basin (Elbe) Under Climate Change   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Fred F. Hattermann  Joachim Post  Valentina  Krysanova  Tobias Conradt  Frank Wechsung 《气候变化研究进展》2008,4(00):42-50

 The Elbe region is representative of humid to semi-humid landscapes in Central Europe, where water availability during the summer season is the limiting factor for plant growth and crop yields, especially in the loess areas with high crop productivity having annual precipitation lower than 500 mm. This paper summarizes the results of the first phase of the GLOWA (GLObal WAter)-Elbe project and tries to assess the reliability of water supply in the German part of the Elbe river basin for the next 50 years, a time scale relevant for the implementation of water and land use management plans. One focus of the study was developing scenarios which are consistent with climate and land use changes considering possible uncertainties. The concluding result of the study is that nature and communities in parts of Central Europe will have to deal with considerably lower water resources under scenario conditions.  相似文献   

Intermittent convection, mixed boundary conditions and the stability of the thermohaline circulation     

J. Hirschi  J. Sander  T. F. Stocker 《Climate Dynamics》1999,15(4):277-291

 Intermittent convection and its consequences on the stability of the thermohaline circulation are investigated with an oceanic global circulation model (OGCM) and simple box models. A two-box model shows that intermittency is a consequence of the non-linearity of the equation of state and of the ratio of heat and freshwater fluxes at surface versus the fluxes at depth. Moreover, it only occurs in areas, where the instability of the water column is caused by temperature or by salinity. Intermittency is not necessarily suppressed by long restoring times. Because intermittent convection causes temporal variations of the ocean-atmosphere fluxes, an OGCM cannot reach an exact equilibrium. After a switch to mixed boundary conditions, changes of the convective activity occur in areas where intermittency is observed. Intermittent convection becomes either continuous or is stopped depending on the method used for calculating the freshwater fluxes. Advective and diffusive fluxes between these regions and their surroundings change in order to balance the altered convective fluxes. A comparison between the OGCM and a six-box model illustrates that this may lead to an alteration of adjacent deep convection and of the related deep water formation. Received: 4 November 1997 / Accepted: 5 November 1998  相似文献   

Startle response of captive North Sea fish species to underwater tones between 0.1 and 64 kHz     

Kastelein RA  Heul Sv  Verboom WC  Jennings N  Veen Jv  de Haan D 《Marine environmental research》2008,65(5):369-377

World-wide, underwater background noise levels are increasing due to anthropogenic activities. Little is known about the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine fish, and information is needed to predict any negative effects. Behavioural startle response thresholds were determined for eight marine fish species, held in a large tank, to tones of 0.1-64 kHz. Response threshold levels varied per frequency within and between species. For sea bass, the 50% reaction threshold occurred for signals of 0.1-0.7 kHz, for thicklip mullet 0.4-0.7 kHz, for pout 0.1-0.25 kHz, for horse mackerel 0.1-2 kHz and for Atlantic herring 4 kHz. For cod, pollack and eel, no 50% reaction thresholds were reached. Reaction threshold levels increased from approximately 100 dB (re 1 microPa, rms) at 0.1 kHz to approximately 160 dB at 0.7 kHz. The 50% reaction thresholds did not run parallel to the hearing curves. This shows that fish species react very differently to sound, and that generalisations about the effects of sound on fish should be made with care. As well as on the spectrum and level of anthropogenic sounds, the reactions of fish probably depend on the context (e.g. location, temperature, physiological state, age, body size, and school size).  相似文献