全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2116篇 |
免费 | 102篇 |
国内免费 | 9篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 67篇 |
大气科学 | 283篇 |
地球物理 | 558篇 |
地质学 | 839篇 |
海洋学 | 66篇 |
天文学 | 302篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
自然地理 | 111篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 26篇 |
2020年 | 32篇 |
2019年 | 23篇 |
2018年 | 80篇 |
2017年 | 60篇 |
2016年 | 91篇 |
2015年 | 85篇 |
2014年 | 95篇 |
2013年 | 154篇 |
2012年 | 59篇 |
2011年 | 81篇 |
2010年 | 98篇 |
2009年 | 110篇 |
2008年 | 57篇 |
2007年 | 67篇 |
2006年 | 69篇 |
2005年 | 46篇 |
2004年 | 38篇 |
2003年 | 42篇 |
2002年 | 35篇 |
2001年 | 43篇 |
2000年 | 44篇 |
1999年 | 24篇 |
1998年 | 26篇 |
1997年 | 43篇 |
1996年 | 31篇 |
1995年 | 39篇 |
1994年 | 31篇 |
1993年 | 26篇 |
1991年 | 28篇 |
1990年 | 22篇 |
1988年 | 15篇 |
1987年 | 22篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 30篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 15篇 |
1980年 | 19篇 |
1979年 | 19篇 |
1978年 | 23篇 |
1977年 | 17篇 |
1976年 | 14篇 |
1975年 | 15篇 |
1974年 | 21篇 |
1973年 | 23篇 |
1972年 | 15篇 |
1971年 | 13篇 |
1970年 | 13篇 |
1969年 | 13篇 |
1965年 | 14篇 |
排序方式: 共有2227条查询结果,搜索用时 203 毫秒
71.
72.
X. Jia T. S. Zha J. N. Gong B. Wu Y. Q. Zhang S. G. Qin G. P. Chen W. Feng S. Kellomäki H. Peltola 《水文研究》2016,30(6):972-985
During the last decade, the widely distributed shrublands in northern China have shown significant signs of recovery from desertification, the result of widespread conservation practices. However, to support the current efforts in conservation, more knowledge is needed on surface energy partitioning and its biophysical controls. Using eddy‐covariance measurements made over a semi‐arid shrubland in northwest China in 2012, we examined how surface energy‐balance components vary on diurnal and seasonal scales, and how biophysical factors control bulk surface parameters and energy exchange. Sensible heat flux (H) exceeded latent heat flux (λE) during most of the year, resulting in an annual Bowen ratio (β, i.e. H/λE) of 2.0. λE exceeded H only in mid‐summer when frequent rainfall co‐occurred with the seasonal peak in leaf area index (LAI). Evapotranspiration reached a daily maximum of 3.3 mm day?1, and summed to 283 mm yr?1. The evaporative fraction (EF, i.e. λE/Rn), Priestley–Taylor coefficient (α), surface conductance (gs) and decoupling coefficient (Ω) were all positively correlated with soil water content (SWC) and LAI. The direct enhancement of λE by high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was buffered by a concurrent suppression of gs. The gs played a direct role in controlling EF and α by mediating the effects of LAI, SWC and VPD. Our results highlight the importance of adaptive plant responses to water scarcity in regulating ecosystem energy partitioning, and suggest an important role for revegetation in the reversal of desertification in semi‐arid areas. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
73.
Diffusive mass exchange of non‐reactive substances in dual‐porosity porous systems – column experiments under saturated conditions
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《水文研究》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Diffusive mass exchange into immobile water regions within heterogeneous porous aquifers influences the fate of solutes. The percentage of immobile water is often unidentified in natural aquifers though. Hence, the mathematical prediction of solute transport in such heterogeneous aquifers remains challenging. The objective of this study was to find a simple analytical model approach that allows quantifying properties of mobile and immobile water regions and the portion of immobile water in a porous system. Therefore, the Single Fissure Dispersion Model (SFDM), which takes into account diffusive mass exchange between mobile and immobile water zones, was applied to model transport in well‐defined saturated dual‐porosity column experiments. Direct and indirect model validation was performed by running experiments at different flow velocities and using conservative tracer with different molecular diffusion coefficients. In another column setup, immobile water regions were randomly distributed to test the model applicability and to determine the portion of immobile water. In all setups, the tracer concentration curves showed differences in normalized maximum peak concentration, tailing and mass recovery according to their diffusion coefficients. These findings were more pronounced at lower flow rates (larger flow times) indicating the dependency of diffusive mass exchange into immobile water regions on tracers' molecular diffusion coefficients. The SFDM simulated all data with high model efficiency. Successful model validation supported the physical meaning of fitted model parameters. This study showed that the SFDM, developed for fissured aquifers, is applicable in porous media and can be used to determine porosity and volume of regions with immobile water. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
74.
Integrating isolated and riparian wetland modules in the PHYSITEL/HYDROTEL modelling platform: model performance and diagnosis
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《水文研究》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Maxime Fossey Alain N. Rousseau Fatima Bensalma Stéphane Savary Alain Royer 《水文研究》2015,29(22):4683-4702
Mathematical modelling is a well‐accepted framework to evaluate the effects of wetlands on stream flow and watershed hydrology in general. Although the integration of wetland modules into a distributed hydrological model represents a cost‐effective way to make this assessment, the added value brought by landscape‐specific modules to a model's ability to replicate basic hydrograph characteristics remains unclear. The objectives of this paper were the following: (i) to present the adaptation of PHYSITEL (a geographic information system) to parameterize isolated and riparian wetlands; (ii) to describe the integration of specific isolated wetland and riparian wetland modules into HYDROTEL, a distributed hydrological model; and (iii) to evaluate the performance of the updated modelling platform with respect to the capacity of replicating various hydrograph characteristics. To achieve this, two sets of simulations were performed (with and without wetland modules), and the added value was assessed at three river segments of the Becancour River watershed, Quebec, Canada, using six general goodness‐of‐fit indicators and 14 water flow criteria. A sensitivity analysis of the wetland module parameters was performed to characterize their impact on stream flows of the modelled watershed. Results of this study indicate the following: (i) integration of specific wetland modules can slightly increase the capacity of HYDROTEL to replicate basic hydrograph characteristics; and (ii) the updated modelling platform allows for the explicit assessment of the impact of wetlands (e.g. typology and location) on watershed hydrology. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
75.
Natural Hazards - A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04687-9 相似文献
76.
Marieke Ahlborn Torsten Haberzettl Junbo Wang Karoline Henkel Thomas Kasper Gerhard Daut Liping Zhu Roland Mäusbacher 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2017,46(2):229-241
A possible asynchronicity of the spatial and temporal moisture availability on the Tibetan Plateau has been a controversial subject of discussion in recent years. Here we present the first attempt to systematically investigate possible spatial and temporal variations in moisture availability by examining two lakes, Tangra Yumco and Nam Co, on an east–west transect on the southern Tibetan Plateau using identical proxies for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. In this study, an independent record from Tangra Yumco was analysed applying a multi‐proxy approach to reconstruct variations in moisture availability since the Lateglacial. Results were subsequently compared with previously published records from Nam Co and additional records from Tso Moriri (northwestern Himalaya) and Naleng Co (southeastern Tibetan Plateau). Our results show that Tangra Yumco was at least partially ice covered prior to 17.1 cal. ka BP. A temperature rise after 17.1 cal. ka BP probably resulted in thawing of the permafrost. At 16.0 cal. ka BP moisture availability increased, representing an initial monsoonal intensification. Warmer conditions between 13.0 and 12.4 cal. ka BP and cooler conditions between 12.4 cal. ka BP and the onset of the Holocene reflect the Bølling‐Allerød and Younger Dryas. At the onset of the Holocene moisture availability rapidly increased, with moisture highest prior to 8.5 cal. ka BP when temperatures were also highest. After 8.5 cal. ka BP the moisture availability gradually decreased and showed only minor amplitude variations. These findings are consistent with the records from large lakes like Nam Co, Tso Moriri, and Naleng Co, revealing a synchronous pattern of moisture availability on the southern Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
77.
Crystele Leauthaud Stéphanie Duvail Olivier Hamerlynck Jean-Luc Paul Hubert Cochet Judith Nyunja Jean Albergel Olivier Grünberger 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(1):252-263
Wetlands are highly dynamic and productive systems that have been under increased pressure from changes in land use and water management strategies. In Eastern Africa, wetlands provide resources at multiple spatial and temporal levels through farming, fishing, livestock ownership and a host of other ecosystem services that sustain the local economy and individual livelihoods. As part of a broader effort to describe future development scenarios for East African coastal wetlands, this qualitative study focuses on understanding the processes by which river water depletion has affected local food production systems in Kenya's Tana River Delta over the past 50 years, and how this situation has impacted residents’ livelihoods and well-being. Interviews performed in six villages among various ethnic groups, geographical locations and resource profiles indicated that the agro-ecological production systems formerly in place were adapted to the river's dynamic flooding patterns. As these flooding patterns changed, the local population diversified and abandoned or adopted various farming, fishing and livestock-rearing techniques. Despite these efforts, the decrease in water availability affected each subcomponent of the production systems under study, which led to their collapse in the 1990s. Water depletion negatively impacted local human well-being through the loss of food security. The current study provides a detailed account of the dynamics of agro-ecological production systems facing the effects of river water depletion in a wetland-associated environment in Sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献
78.
79.
The customary representation of climate using sample moments is generally biased due to the noticeably nonstationary behaviour of many climate series. In this study, we introduce a moment-free climate representation based on a statistical model fitted to a long-term daily air temperature anomaly series. This model allows us to separate the climate and weather scale variability in the series. As a result, the climate scale can be characterized using the mean annual cycle of series and local air temperature tolerance, where the latter is computed using the fitted model. The representation of weather scale variability is specified using the frequency and the range of outliers based on the tolerance. The scheme is illustrated using five long-term air temperature records observed by different European meteorological stations. 相似文献
80.