Cretaceous evolution of a metamorphic core complex,the Veporic unit,Western Carpathians (Slovakia): P–T conditions and in situ40Ar/39Ar UV laser probe dating of metapelites     

M. Jank  D. Pla&#x;ienka  M. Frey  M. Cosca  S. TH. Schmidt  B. Luptk  &#x;. Mres 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2001,19(2):197-216

Alpine metamorphism, related to the development of a metamorphic core complex during Cretaceous orogenic events, has been recognized in the Veporic unit, Western Carpathians (Slovakia). Three metamorphic zones have been distinguished in the metapelites: 1, chloritoid + chlorite + garnet; 2, garnet + staurolite + chlorite; 3, staurolite + biotite + kyanite. The isograds separating the metamorphic zones have been modelled by discontinuous reactions in the system K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O (KFMASH). The isograds are roughly parallel to the north‐east‐dipping foliation related to extensional updoming along low‐angle normal faults. Thermobarometric data document increasing P–T conditions from c. 500 °C and 7–8 kbar to c. 620 °C and 9–10 kbar, reflecting a coherent metamorphic field gradient from greenschist to middle amphibolite facies. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data obtained by high spatial resolution in situ ultraviolet (UV) laser ablation of white micas from the rock slabs constrain the timing of cooling and exhumation in the Late Cretaceous. Mean dates are between 77 and 72 Ma; however, individual white mica grains record a range of apparent ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages indicating that cooling below the blocking temperature for argon diffusion was not instantaneous. The reconstructed metamorphic P–T–t path is ‘clockwise’, reflecting post‐burial decompression and cooling during a single Alpine orogenic cycle. The presented data suggest that the Veporic unit evolved as a metamorphic core complex during the Cretaceous growth of the Western Carpathian orogenic wedge. Metamorphism was related to collisional crustal shortening and stacking, following closure of the Meliata Ocean. Exhumation was accomplished by synorogenic (orogen‐parallel) extension and unroofing in an overall compressive regime.  相似文献   

Estimating periphyton standing crop in streams: a comparison of chlorophyll a sampling and visual assessments     

C Kilroy  DJ Booker  L Drummond  JA Wech  TH Snelder 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):208-224

Periphyton standing crop is often measured as chlorophyll a but there is increasing interest in using visual assessments of periphyton cover. Visual methods are rapid and require no sample analysis, but can be regarded as subjective with high inter-operator variability. We investigated variability in periphyton standing crop across operators, rivers and time, as determined visually and from chlorophyll a measurements. We found that visual assessments (comprising percentage cover estimates of up to eight periphyton categories) distinguished sites and occasions as effectively as chlorophyll a. Furthermore, an estimate of chlorophyll a could be derived from the visual assessments. Because our surveys were conducted in only three rivers, general applicability of the derivation of estimated chlorophyll a from the visual assessments warrants further investigation. The current recommendation of 20 views was sufficient for realistic visual assessments of average cover. Overall, our results indicated that inter-operator variability in visual assessments need not be a major concern, given adequate training.  相似文献   

MIGRATION IN THE PRESENCE OF A RUGGED INTERFACE WITH HIGH VELOCITY CONTRAST*     

L. AMEELY  TH. KREY  F. MUHTADIE  H.-F. RAU  H. RIST 《Geophysical Prospecting》1983,31(4):561-573

In the western coal-mining area of Ruhrkohle AG, reflection seismic prospecting for the Carboniferous coal measures is severely impaired by structures with halokinetic features. These structures make the interface between Mesozoic and Paleozoic layers, i.e., the top of Zechstein in general, very rugged. Unfortunately the velocity contrast at this interface is very high in that area, the ratio of velocities being 1.5 to 2.0. Therefore, migration and stacking become a problem. Three types of migration are presented:

• 1 (f, x)-time-migration with vertical time-to-depth conversion as a second step.
• 2 Kirchhoff migration down to a level determined approximately by the highest points of the top of Paleozoics, i.e., 0.35 s, and Kirchhoff-downward continuation for all times exceeding 0.35 s. Intermediate static corrections for these latter times with subsequent (f, k)-time-migration and final vertical time-to-depth conversion.
• 3 Direct depth migration in the (f, x)-domain using three interval velocities.

In all cases an intermediate picking of the velocity interfaces is necessary. In case 2 this occurs at an earlier stage of the process than in case 1, and in case 3 at a still earlier stage. The results of the second and third migration procedures are superior to those of the first. Possibilities for misinterpretation of faults are reduced considerably when the second or third migration procedure is applied.  相似文献   

地震的感应磁效应（一）——三维电磁感应的数值理论          下载免费PDF全文

中国科学院地球物理研究所第十研究室第二组 《地球物理学报》1977,20(1):70-80

地震的感应磁效应包括两部分:（一）三维电磁感应的数值理论;（二）地震感应磁效应的模拟计算。本文是其中的第一部分,从Maxwell方程推得的扩散方程出发,给出了一般三维电磁感应的基本方程、边界条件和求解方法,建立了完整的三维电磁感应的数值理论。计算结果将另文讨论。  相似文献   

Hot springs of Rhodesia: Their noble gases,isotopic and chemical composition     

Emanuel Mazor  B.TH. Verhagen 《Journal of Hydrology》1976,28(1):29-43

Four of Rhodesia's hottest spring complexes (54–100°C) were studied. Tritium contents were very low, compared to adjacent rivers, indicating that the samples studied were indigenous, deep-seated water which had undergone negligible intermixing with surface water.The noble-gas measurements revealed: (1) the waters are meteoric; (2) the noble gases were kept in closed-system conditions in the ground; (3) paleotemperatures are 26–31°C; (4) the boiling Binga springs lost part of their noble gases.Independently, measurements of stable isotopes indicate the meteoric origin of the springs. The chemical composition of the waters clearly reflects their origin from two groups of rocks — one from Karroo sediments and one from crystalline rocks.  相似文献   

APPLICATION OF REFRACTION SEISMICS TO SUBSALT TECTONIC PROBLEMS IN A DEEP SALTDOME BASIN*     

TH. KREY  I. NODOP 《Geophysical Prospecting》1970,18(3):364-379

Despite the use of CDP and digital methods the Zechstein base is still the deepest horizon in the vast salt-dome basin of Central Europe for which continuous information can be obtained by reflection seismics. Thus in North-western Germany, in addition to reflection seismics, the refraction seismic method has been increasingly used for a reliable survey of deeper horizons. The first part of the paper deals with the investigation of the various possibilities and limitations of refraction seismics with regard to the investigation of Pre-Zechstein layers in a basin with a tectonically very complicated overburden. The recording techniques specially developed for continuous profiling of the desired refraction seismic arrivals and the data processing methods are described. The main problems of interpretation are then discussed, in particular with regard to depth representation. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods, e.g. Gardner's, Hales' and Wyrobek's, and of the wave-front method, are compared. On account of the tectonically complicated overburden Thornburgh's wave-front method proved to be the most useful. In a further section the various possibilities for velocity determinations are mentioned, e.g. Wyrobek's determination of the overburden velocity, for which the wave-front method automatically furnishes the necessary corrections to a deep datum. Finally, some examples are given for the results obtained, including some incidental information on the deeper crust.  相似文献   

Order-disorder in Natural Nepheline Solid Solutions     

SAHAMA  TH. G. 《Journal of Petrology》1962,3(1):65-81

The variation of the birefringence with temperature, from roomtemperature up to c. 900? C, was studied of 34 nephelines fromdifferent geological environments. The measurements were madewith a Berek compensator using a microscope heating stage. Two optical types of nepheline were distinguished on the basisof the absolute value for birefringence at room temperatureand on the basis of the optical -value defined as >=(w-E)₉₀₀?-(w-E)₂₀?.The optical type I is characterized by a high birefringenceat room temperature and by a highly negative optical -value,whereas the optical type II shows a low birefringence at roomtemperature and a highly positive optical -value. The nephelinespecimens studied represent optically a continuous gradationfrom type I to type IL Both optical types are represented amongmediopotassic and perpotassic nephelines. A nepheline of the optical type I is considered to representthe ordered form of the mineral and a nepheline of the opticaltype II the disordered form. All plutonic nephelines studiedbelong to the optical type I whereas the volcanic nephelinesrange from the type I to the type II. Using a high temperature attachment for the Norelco diffractometer,the thermal expansion was measured of a few nepheline specimens.A nepheline belonging to the optical type I differs slightlyin thermal expansion from that of the optical type 11. Thisdifference in thermal expansion may qualitatively explain thedifference between the two optical types. The crystal structural nature of the supposed order-disordertransition in nepheline is not known. The analogy with the feldsparswould suggest a varying degree of ordering in the distributionof the silicon and aluminium cations in the oxygen tetrahedra.  相似文献   

X-ray and optical-to-infrared follow-up observations of the transient X-ray burster SAX J1810.8–2609     

J. Greiner  A. J. Castro-Tirado  TH. Boller  H. W. Duerbeck  S. Covino  G. L. Israel  M. J. D. Linden-Vørnle  X. Otazu-Porter 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,308(3):L17-L21

We have performed a ROSAT follow-up observation of the X-ray transient SAX J1810.8–2609 on 1998 March 24 and detected a bright X-ray source (named RX J1810.7–2609) which was not detected during the ROSAT all-sky survey in September 1990. Optical-to-infrared follow-up observations of the 10" radius ROSAT HRI X-ray error box revealed one variable object ( R =19.5±0.5 on March 13, R >21.5 on 1998 August 27) which we tentatively propose as the optical/IR counterpart of RX J1810.7–2609≡SAX J1810.8–2609.  相似文献   

Determination of Surface Precipitation Type Based on the Data Fusion Approach     

Marek PÓŁROLNICZAK  Leszek KOLENDOWICZ  Bartosz CZERNECKI  Mateusz TASZAREK  Gabriella TÓTH 《大气科学进展》2021,38(3):387-399

Hazardous events related to atmospheric precipitation depend not only on the intensity of surface precipitation,but also on its type.Uncertainty related to determination of the precipitation type(PT)leads to financial losses in many areas of human activity,such as the power industry,agriculture,transportation,and many more.In this study,we use machine learning(ML)algorithms with the data fusion approach to more accurately determine surface PT.Based on surface synoptic observations,ERA5 reanalysis,and radar data,we distinguish between liquid,mixed,and solid precipitation types.The study domain considers the entire area of Poland and a period from 2015 to 2017.The purpose of this work is to address the question:“How can ML techniques applied in observational and NWP data help to improve the recognition of the surface PT?”Despite testing 33 parameters,it was found that a combination of the near-surface air temperature and the depth of the warm layer in the 0-1000 m above ground level(AGL)layer contains most of the signal needed to determine surface PT.The accrued probability of detection for liquid,solid,and mixed PTs according to the developed Random Forest model is 98.0%,98.8%,and 67.3%,respectively.The application of the ML technique and data fusion approach allows to significantly improve the robustness of PT prediction compared to commonly used baseline models and provides promising results for operational forecasters.  相似文献   

Brown earth and podzol: soil genesis illuminated by microfossil analysis     

SVEND TH. ANDERSEN 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1979,8(1):59-73

Andersen, S. Th. 1979 03 01: Brown earth and podzol: soil genesis illuminated by microfossil analysis. Boreas , Vol. 8, pp. 59–73. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.
Pollen and other plant microfossils were studied in soil profiles from a Fagus-Quercus petraea woodland in eastern Jutland, Denmark. Fungal hypha fragments in the soil show characteristic length frequency distributions, which indicate comminution by large arthropods and microarthropods (Oribatei) during the burial. Distribution of the hypha fragments within the podzol indicates development from a former brown earth. The pollen sequence in a humus deposit reflects recent vegetational development. Modification of pollen assemblages in the mineral soils can be explained by mixing during burial by soil fauna. Development from brown earth to podzoloid and podzol follows the models assumed by pedologists. The various stages are related to vegetational changes and the processes were completed within a few hundred years.  相似文献