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141.
142.
Kenji Notsu Toshiya Mori Sandie Chanchah Do Vale Hiroyuki Kagi Takamori Ito 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(4):825-835
Since the 8th century, more than seventeen eruptions have been recorded for the Mt. Fuji volcano, with the most recent eruption
occurring in 1707 (Hoei eruption). For the past 300 years the volcano has been in a quiescent stage and, since the early 1960s,
has exhibited neither fumarolic nor thermal activity. However, the number of low-frequency earthquakes with a hypocentral
depth of 10–20 km increased significantly beneath the northeastern flank of Mt. Fuji in 2000–2001, suggesting a possible resumption
of magmatic activity. In this study, diffuse CO2 efflux and thermal surveys were carried out in four areas of the volcano in 2001–2002 in order to detect possible signs of
the upward movement of deep magma. At all survey points, the CO2 efflux was below the detection limit with the exception of a few points with biological CO2 emission, and ground temperatures at a depth of 20–30 cm were below ambient, indicating no surface manifestations of gas
or heat emission. Should magma rise into the subsurface, the diffuse CO2 efflux would be expected to increase, particularly along the tectonically weakened lineation on the Mt. Fuji volcano, allowing
for the early detection of pre-eruptive degassing. 相似文献
143.
Groundwater-supported evapotranspiration within glaciated watersheds under conditions of climate change 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Denis Cohen Mark Person Ronnie Daannen Sharon Locke Dave Dahlstrom Victor Zabielski Thomas C. Winter Donald O. Rosenberry Herb Wright Emi Ito John L. Nieber William J. Gutowski Jr 《Journal of Hydrology》2006,320(3-4):484-500
This paper analyzes the effects of geology and geomorphology on surface-water/-groundwater interactions, evapotranspiration, and recharge under conditions of long-term climatic change. Our analysis uses hydrologic data from the glaciated Crow Wing watershed in central Minnesota, USA, combined with a hydrologic model of transient coupled unsaturated/saturated flow (HYDRAT2D). Analysis of historical water-table (1970–1993) and lake-level (1924–2002) records indicates that larger amplitude and longer period fluctuations occur within the upland portions of watersheds due to the response of the aquifer system to relatively short-term climatic fluctuations. Under drought conditions, lake and water-table levels fell by as much as 2–4 m in the uplands but by 1 m in the lowlands. The same pattern can be seen on millennial time scales. Analysis of Holocene lake-core records indicates that Moody Lake, located near the outlet of the Crow Wing watershed, fell by as much as 4 m between about 4400 and 7000 yr BP. During the same time, water levels in Lake Mina, located near the upland watershed divide, fell by about 15 m. Reconstructed Holocene climate as represented by HYDRAT2D gives somewhat larger drops (6 and 24 m for Moody Lake and Lake Mina, respectively). The discrepancy is probably due to the effect of three-dimensional flow. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out to study how aquifer hydraulic conductivity and land-surface topography can influence water-table fluctuations, wetlands formation, and evapotranspiration. The models were run by recycling a wet year (1985, 87 cm annual precipitation) over a 10-year period followed by 20 years of drier and warmer climate (1976, 38 cm precipitation). Model results indicated that groundwater-supported evapotranspiration accounted for as much as 12% (10 cm) of evapotranspiration. The aquifers of highest hydraulic conductivity had the least amount of groundwater-supported evapotranspiration owing to a deep water table. Recharge was even more sensitive to aquifer hydraulic conductivity, especially in the lowland regions. These findings have important implications for paleoclimatic studies, because the hydrologic response of a surface-water body will vary across the watershed to a given climate signal. 相似文献
144.
Tomoo Katsura Sho Yokoshi Kazuyuki Kawabe Anton Shatskiy Maki Okube Hiroshi Fukui Eiji Ito Akifumi Nozawa Ken-ichi Funakoshi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(4):249-255
The electrical conductivity of (Mg0.93Fe0.07)SiO3 ilmenite was measured at temperatures of 500–1,200 K and pressures of 25–35 GPa in a Kawai-type multi-anvil apparatus equipped
with sintered diamond anvils. In order to verify the reliability of this study, the electrical conductivity of (Mg0.93Fe0.07)SiO3 perovskite was also measured at temperatures of 500–1,400 K and pressures of 30–35 GPa. The pressure calibration was carried
out using in situ X-ray diffraction of MgO as pressure marker. The oxidation conditions of the samples were controlled by
the Fe disk. The activation energy at zero pressure and activation volume for ilmenite are 0.82(6) eV and −1.5(2) cm3/mol, respectively. Those for perovskite were 0.5(1) eV and −0.4(4) cm3/mol, respectively, which are in agreement with the experimental results reported previously. It is concluded that ilmenite
conductivity has a large pressure dependence in the investigated P–T range. 相似文献
145.
This letter deals with the backscattering of millimeter pulsed beam waves from hydrometeors. A new approach is presented for a solution of time-dependent three-dimensional vector radiative transfer equation for the Stokes vectors to study the multiple-scattering effects of beam waves on radar echoes. General solutions for beam waves are derived in an integral form without any approximation. They are given in numerically tractable forms representing the scattering process in the space and time domain. Time-dependent second-order solutions for radar echoes of pulsed beam waves are straightforwardly obtained to predict multiple-scattering effects depending on the variation of an incident beam size. It is shown that the inhomogeneity of the radial direction of beam waves causes the mode coupling of waves between the azimuth directions in the scattering matrix, and that the mode coupling depends on the ratio of the incident beam size to the total mean free path length of the medium 相似文献
146.
147.
我们对日本西南部南海俯冲板块界面过渡带发生的超低频地震进行报道。由矩震级为3.1~3.5的超低频地震引起的地震波显示其卓越长周期约为20s。超低频地震活动伴随深源低频颤动和慢滑事件同时发生,并随之移动。慢地震一直被认为会增加向上倾斜的大型逆冲地震断裂带上的应力,而这3种现象的同时发生提高了人们对慢地震的探测和特性鉴定水平。 相似文献
148.
Ziqian Wang Kenichi Nakano Eri Ito Hiroshi Kawase Shinichi Matsushima 《地震工程与结构动力学》2023,52(1):128-146
Under hypothetical and idealized conditions, the horizontal site amplification factor (HSAF) is defined as the ratio of the horizontal Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS) at a point on the Earth's surface with respect to the horizontal FAS at the identical location but on the outcropping seismological bedrock. The HSAF reflects the profile of local sedimentary soils and weathered rock formations, indicating site effects. In most cases, such an idealized HSAF is difficult to measure directly. Thus, quantitatively estimating a HSAF value is a crucial task in strong-motion prediction over the last century. Fortunately, many strong-motion stations have been constructed throughout Japan, facilitating the characterization of HSAFs down to seismological bedrock at more than 1600 observational sites by the generalized inversion technique (GIT). First, this study reported the similarity distribution of the HSAF and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of earthquakes (HVSRE). Subsequently, we proposed a hybrid method from a novel aspect for estimating HSAF in terms of the observed similarity distribution and the vertical amplification correction function (VACF) proposed previously. Compared with the direct use of HVSRE for substituting HSAF, the hybrid method proposed herein demonstrated an improvement of greater than 30% in terms of the residuals between estimated HSAFs and those separated from observations. 相似文献
149.
Masayuki Uesugi Motoo Ito Hikaru Yabuta Hiroshi Naraoka Fumio Kitajima Yoshinori Takano Hajime Mita Yoko Kebukawa Aiko Nakato Yuzuru Karouji 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2019,54(3):638-666
Carbonaceous materials in the sample catcher of the Hayabusa spacecraft were assigned as category 3 particles. We investigated the category 3 particles with a suite of in situ microanalytical methods. Possible contaminants collected from the cleanrooms of the spacecraft assembly and extraterrestrial sample curation center (ESCuC) were also analyzed in the same manner as category 3 particles for comparison. Our data were integrated with those of the preliminary examination team for category 3 particles. Possible origins for the category 3 particles include contamination before and after the operation of the Hayabusa spacecraft. 相似文献
150.
In order to investigate compression mechanism and the pressure-induced amorphization of portlandite, Ca(OH)2, the crystal structure has been refined up to 9.7?GPa using Rietveld analysis. Angular-dispersive synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction experiments were performed using a diamond anvil cell and an imaging plate at BL-18C in the Photon Factory at KEK, Japan. Compression behavior is highly anisotropic and the c axis is approximately 2.5 times as compressible as the a axis (βa=0.004, βc=0.011?GPa?1). Because the refined fractional coordinate, z, of the O atom increases linearly with pressure, compression along the c axis is due to the shortening of the interlayer spacing. The compression mechanism shows no change up to the amorphization pressure and is basically the same as that of brucite, Mg(OH)2, observed below 10 GPa. The octahedral regularity of CaO6 approaches a regular configuration with pressure. The interlayer O…O distance is expected to be about 2.75 Å at the amorphization pressure and should affect hydrogen bonding. 相似文献