Sedimentary Steryl Chlorin Esters (SCEs) and Other Photosynthetic Pigments as Indicators of Paleolimnological Change Over the Last 28,000 Years from the Buguldeika Saddle of Lake Baikal     

Yuko Soma  Yukinori Tani  Mitsuyuki Soma  Hideo Mitake  Ryo Kurihara  Shinya Hashomoto  Takahiro Watanabe  Toshio Nakamura 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,37(2):163-175

Detailed depth profiles of photosynthetic pigments in a sediment core (G-12) collected at the BDP93 site, the Buguldeika saddle, of south Lake Baikal, along with depth profiles of total organic carbon (TOC) and biogenic silica, were studied to elucidate the temporal changes of phytoplankton assemblages in the lake during the past 28 kyr. In addition to the quantification of carotenoids by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection (HPLC-PDA), steryl chlorin esters (SCEs) were analyzed by HPLC-PDA, HPLC-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and sterols in SCEs by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to enrich the taxonomical information on the phytoplankton composition. Allochthonous input of organic matter from the Selenga River resulted in the higher TOC contents in core G-12 than in a previously reported core (G-6) collected at another site from the southern basin. The poorer correlation in core G-12 than in G-6 between TOC and chlorophyll-a-originating pigments, which are indicative of autochthonous production, also indicated a significant allochthonous input at the site. The abundance of lutein among the carotenoids detected, and the good correlation of total chlorophyll a and b shows that green algae represented a significant portion of the phytoplankton, accompanying the diatoms at the G-12 site, after the last glacial period. The presence of cryptomonads and cyanobacteria were confirmed from marker carotenoids in the sediment core. GC–MS analysis of sterols in SCEs detected marker sterols of diatoms, green algae, chrysophytes and dinoflagellates. The depth profiles of the measured indicators gave consistent features for temporal changes in phytoplankton assemblage at the G-12 site of Lake Baikal after the last glacial maximum. Notably, the profile of a chrysophyte-specific sterol in SCEs was consistent with the reported distribution of chrysophyte cysts during the Holocene. The presence of phytoplankton, such as green algae, diatoms and chrysophytes, in Lake Baikal during the late last glacial period was indicated by the analysis of sterols in SCEs. Sedimentary carotenoids and sterols in SCEs were found to give complementary information about phytoplankton composition. These molecular indicators allow us to reconstruct past lake phytoplankton assemblages responding to environmental changes with a time resolution as high as age–depth relationship in sediments attainable at present.  相似文献   

江西永平铜矿花岗质岩石的岩石结构、地球化学特征及其成矿意义   总被引：2，自引：7，他引：2  

李晓峰  Yasushi  Watanabe  屈文俊 《岩石学报》2007,23(10):2353-2365

江西永平铜矿位于华南怀玉山—北武夷山铜铅锌多金属成矿带内,是赣东北地区除了德兴铜矿外的另一个大型铜矿基地。该矿区存在两种类型的花岗质岩石,一种是花岗岩;另一种是英安斑岩。英安斑岩具有典型斑状结构和石英眼结构,而花岗岩则具有单向固结结构。在化学成分上,两者属于高钾的钙碱性系列岩石,英安斑岩贫硅、富Al、Fe、Mg、Ca,以及具有较大的Na_2O/K_2O(0.02～0.64)等特点;而花岗岩富硅、贫Al、Ca,以及富碱和具有较小的Na_2O/K_2O(0.02～0.03)等特点。两种类型的岩石具有一致的REE配分曲线。它们均富集大离子亲石元素(Ba、Rb、K),亏损高场强元素(Th、Nd、Ta、Ti)以及元素Sr和P,显示了与俯冲作用有关的岩浆作用。在结构和化学成分上,花岗岩则类似于美国Climax斑岩钼(铜)矿成矿斑岩的性质(如具有单向固结结构、较高的分异指数、富Si、贫Al、Ca、富Na_2O K_2O以及K_2O>Na_2O)。与英安斑岩有关的蚀变作用主要有夕卡岩化、黑云母化、白云母化、绿泥石化和萤石化,而与花岗岩有关的蚀变作用主要是白云母化和萤石化;相应地,与英安斑岩有关的成矿作用主要为铜,而与花岗岩有关的成矿作用则主要为钼。2件辉钼矿样品的Re-Os年龄分别为156.7±2.8Ma和155.7±3.6Ma,表明与花岗岩有关的钼成矿作用发生在156Ma左右。本文认为,永平铜钼矿的成矿地球动力学背景应是由挤压向伸展的转换环境。  相似文献   

Observations of C2 Molecules in the Coma of Comets at Mitaka     

Sekiguchi  T.  Watanabe  J.  Fukushima  H.  Yamamoto  T.  Yamamoto  N. 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1997,78(1-3):143-148

In order to monitor the various phenomena of comets, we continuously made the near-nucleus imaging observations of comets at National Astronomical Observatory, Mitaka. Here we report on the results of the observations of two spectacular comets. One is the analysis of photometry of C₂ emission images in the coma of comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2). By comparing the production rates of C₂ radicals with C₂H₂ molecules, we conclude that the most C₂ radicals were originated from C₂H₂, while some of them might be produced from other parents. The second item is the analysis of the morphology of C₂ emission images in the coma of comet Hale-Bopp(C/1995 O1). By applying a ring masking technique, we detected asymmetrical distribution of the C₂ molecules. The results of these two comets might suggest that a portion of C₂ radicals were formed by the disintegration of the small organic dust grains, like the so-called CHON particles. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Specific accumulation and temporal trends of organochlorine contaminants in Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) from Japanese coastal waters     

Kajiwara N  Watanabe M  Tanabe S  Nakamatsu K  Amano M  Miyazaki N 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(10):1089-1099

Organochlorine compounds (OCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane related compounds, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), tris(4-chlorophenyl) methane (TCPMe) and tris(4-chlorophenyl) methanol were determined in the blubber of Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) collected from Japanese coastal waters in 1998/1999. Among OCs analyzed, PCBs were the predominant contaminants with concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 39 microg/g on a wet weight basis. OCs concentrations were relatively low and less variable in mature females possibly due to the lactational excretion from their bodies, while in males the concentrations were increased with body length. Concentrations and compositions of DDTs and HCHs showed significant differences between the truei-type population off the Pacific coast of northern Japan and dalli-type from the Sea of Japan/Okhotsk, suggesting its usefulness to discriminate different populations. OCs levels detected in truei-type porpoises collected in 1998/1999 were lower than those collected in 1984, except TCPMe. On the other hand, except DDTs, the residue levels of other organochlorines in dalli-type porpoises showed no significant decrease since 1984.  相似文献   

Ion upflow and downflow at the topside ionosphere observed by the EISCAT VHF radar   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

M. Endo  R. Fujii  Y. Ogawa  S. C. Buchert  S. Nozawa  S. Watanabe  N. Yoshida 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(2):170-181

We have determined the MLT distribution and KpK_P dependence of the ion upflow and downflow of the thermal bulk oxygen ion population based on a data analysis using the EISCAT VHF radar CP-7 data obtained at Tromsø during the period between 1990 and 1996: (1) both ion upflow and downflow events can be observed at any local time (MLT), irrespective of dayside and nightside, and under any magnetic disturbance level, irrespective of quiet and disturbed levels; (2) these upflow and downflow events are more frequently observed in the nightside than in the dayside; (3) the upflow events are more frequently observed than the downflow events at any local time except midnight and at any K_P level and the difference of the occurrence frequencies between the upflow and downflow events is smaller around midnight; and (4) the occurrence frequencies of both the ion upflow and downflow events appear to increase with increasing KP level, while the occurrence frequency of the downflow appears to stop increasing at some KP level  相似文献   

Recent increase of DIC in the western North Pacific     

Tsuneo Ono  Yutaka W. Watanabe  Shuichi Watanabe   《Marine Chemistry》2000,72(2-4)

The temporal variation of the total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) content in the western North Pacific is investigated by comparing the DIC distribution obtained from the data sets of three different periods, the GEOSECS data observed in 1973, the CO₂ dynamics Cruise data observed in 1982, and recent Japanese data sets observed during the early 1990s. The overall feature of the signal of temporal DIC change during 1973 and early 1990s agreed with that of former studies, and did not significantly change with the calculation scheme (the grid-selection method vs. the multiple regression method). The observed increase in DIC among the different time scales showed a good inner consistency, which also indicates the stability of the method used in the DIC change calculation. The apparent rate of increase of the DIC inventory in the upper 1000 m water column, however, differed significantly by the data set used for the calculation: It was 5.6±2.4 g C/m²/year, based on the data comparison between 1982 and the early 1990s, while it became 7.6±2.4 g C/m²/year when based on the data between 1973 and the early 1990s. This result provides us an information about the data-dependency on the former estimation of temporal DIC change.  相似文献   

固定标本的DNA提取及PCR扩增   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

高天翔  张秀梅  曾晓起  渡边精一 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2000,30(2):244-248

报道福尔马林、酒精固定的日本绒螯蟹标本的 DNA提取及 PCR扩增 ,并与冷冻、煮沸标本进行了比较。结果表明 ,福尔马林固定标本与酒精固定标本一样可以提取 DNA,加入的蛋白酶 K量越多 ,DNA的回收率越高。以提取的 DNA为模板 ,进行了线粒体 DNA12 S r RNA和 D- loop基因片段的 PCR扩增 ,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳 PCR扩增产物后均得到了与期待的碱基长度相一致的清晰谱带。  相似文献   

A practical model to estimate photosynthetically active radiation using general meteorological elements in a temperate humid area and comparison among models     

Yasuko Mizoguchi  Yukio Yasuda  Yoshikazu Ohtani  Tsutomu Watanabe  Yuji Kominami  Katsumi Yamanoi 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,115(3-4):583-589

Although accurately evaluating photosynthetically active radiation is important, much effort is required to measure this radiation using a quantum sensor. We develop a new model that makes estimates using only general meteorological data—solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and relative humidity. Root mean square deviations for eight datasets at five sites in Japan were smaller than 5.2 %, similar to error in other studies and to individual differences of quantum sensors. Most root mean square deviations of nine previous models and our eight datasets are larger than that of the new estimation model, which performed well. This suggests that the model is useful for estimating photosynthetically active radiation in a temperate, humid area of Japan.  相似文献   

Relative contribution of feedback processes to Arctic amplification of temperature change in MIROC GCM     

Masakazu Yoshimori  Masahiro Watanabe  Ayako Abe-Ouchi  Hideo Shiogama  Tomoo Ogura 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(5-6):1613-1630

The finding that surface warming over the Arctic exceeds that over the rest of the world under global warming is a robust feature among general circulation models (GCMs). While various mechanisms have been proposed, quantifying their relative contributions is an important task in order to understand model behavior. Here we apply a recently proposed feedback analysis technique to an atmosphere–ocean GCM under two and four times CO₂ concentrations which approximately lead to seasonally and annually sea ice-free climates. The contribution of feedbacks to Arctic temperature change is investigated. The surface warming in the Arctic is contributed by albedo, water vapour and large-scale condensation feedbacks and reduced by the evaporative cooling feedback. The surface warming contrast between the Arctic and the global averages (AA) is maintained by albedo and evaporative cooling feedbacks. The latter contributes to AA predominantly by cooling the low latitudes more than the Arctic. Latent heat transport into the Arctic increases and hence evaporative cooling plus large-scale condensation feedback contributes positively to AA. On the other hand, dry-static energy transport into the Arctic decreases and hence dynamical heating feedback contributes negatively to AA. An important contribution is thus made via changes in hydrological cycle and not via the ‘dry’ heat transport process. A larger response near the surface than aloft in the Arctic is maintained by the albedo, water vapour, and dynamical heating feedbacks, in which the albedo and water vapour feedbacks contribute through warming the surface more than aloft, and the dynamical heating feedback contributes by cooling aloft more than the surface. In our experiments, ocean and sea ice dynamics play a secondary role. It is shown that a different level of CO₂ increase introduces a latitudinal and seasonal difference into the feedbacks.  相似文献   

Summertime land–sea thermal contrast and atmospheric circulation over East Asia in a warming climate—Part I: Past changes and future projections     

Youichi Kamae  Masahiro Watanabe  Masahide Kimoto  Hideo Shiogama 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(9-10):2553-2568

Land–sea surface air temperature (SAT) contrast, an index of tropospheric thermodynamic structure and dynamical circulation, has shown a significant increase in recent decades over East Asia during the boreal summer. In Part I of this two-part paper, observational data and the results of transient warming experiments conducted using coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (GCMs) are analyzed to examine changes in land–sea thermal contrast and the associated atmospheric circulation over East Asia from the past to the future. The interannual variability of the land–sea SAT contrast over the Far East for 1950–2012 was found to be tightly coupled with a characteristic tripolar pattern of tropospheric circulation over East Asia, which manifests as anticyclonic anomalies over the Okhotsk Sea and around the Philippines, and a cyclonic anomaly over Japan during a positive phase, and vice versa. In response to CO₂ increase, the cold northeasterly winds off the east coast of northern Japan and the East Asian rainband were strengthened with the circulation pattern well projected on the observed interannual variability. These results are commonly found in GCMs regardless of future forcing scenarios, indicating the robustness of the East Asian climate response to global warming. The physical mechanisms responsible for the increase of the land–sea contrast are examined in Part II.  相似文献