Effect of snow structure on water flow and solute transport     

Peter A. Waldner  Martin Schneebeli  Ute Schultze‐Zimmermann  Hannes Flühler 《水文研究》2004,18(7):1271-1290

Water flow through a melting snow pack modifies its structure and stability and affects the release of water and nutrients into soils and surface waters. Field and laboratory observations indicate a large spatial variability on various scales of the liquid water content and flow, a dominant system feature currently not included in numerical models. We investigated experimentally water and dye tracer movement through microstructurally different snow pack horizons and the persistence of preferential flow paths. Naturally rounded snow of varying grain size was artificially packed to obtain well known conditions by sieving it into rectangular bins. Surface melt was induced with infrared lamps. The flow paths were visualized with tracers and liquid water content was monitored with time domain reflectometry probes. Vertical cuts through the snow pack were imaged. The dye tracer patterns allowed the two flow regimes ‘matrix flow’ and ‘preferential flow’ to be distinguished. Matrix flow is apparently dominated by film and capillary flow in the unsaturated snow matrix. The capillary barrier effect at a boundary between a fine over a coarse textured layer on matrix flow in snow was confirmed. In contrast, preferential flow appears as well‐defined flow fingers that advance from 0·1 to 1 cm s^?1. During a melt phase, the advancing flow fingers enlarge and are only partially time invariant. It remains to be shown whether the continuum concept, including the Darcy–Buckingham law is apt to describe the extremely non‐linear nature of water flow and the travel time of solutes in snow under conditions of melt water percolation. Probably, snow packs that include faceted crystals and large variations in bulk density, feature more pronounced capillary barriers and preferential flow triggering, but also stronger impeding of fingers by lateral dispersion. Further, triggering and persistence of preferential flow is complicated by the usually transient infiltration rate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Resolving frontal structures: on the payoff using a less diffusive but computationally more expensive advection scheme     

Barthel  Knut  Daewel  Ute  Pushpadas  Dhanya  Schrum  Corinna  &#;rthun  Marius  Wehde  Henning 《Ocean Dynamics》2012,62(10):1457-1470

This article presents some advantages using a shape-preserving total variation diminishing (TVD) advection scheme in an ecosystem model. The superbee flux-limiter has been used to the second-order Lax–Wendroff advection scheme to make it TVD. We performed simulations for three shelf sea regions with different characteristic time scales, namely, the North Sea, the Barents Sea, and the Baltic Sea. To explore the advantages, we also performed reference runs with the much simpler and computationally cheaper upwind advection scheme. Frontal structures are much better resolved with the TVD scheme. The bottom salinity in the Baltic Sea stays at realistic values throughout the 10-year simulation with the TVD scheme, while with the upwind scheme, it drifts towards lower values and the permanent haline stratification in the Baltic is almost completely eroded within one seasonal cycle. Only when applying TVD for both the vertical and horizontal advections the model succeeded to preserve haline stratification in the decadal simulation. Lower trophic level patterns are far better reproduced with the TVD scheme, and for the estimated cod larval survival, the advantages seem to be even stronger. Simulations using the TVD-derived prey fields identified distinct regions such as Dogger Bank to favor potential larvae survival (PLS), which did not appear as particularly favorable in the upstream simulations. The TVD scheme needs about 25 % more time on the central processing unit (CPU) in case of a pure hydrodynamic setup with only two scalar state variables (Barents Sea application). The additional CPU time cost increases for a coupled physical–biological model application with a large number of state variables. However, this is more than compensated by all the advantages found, and, hence, we conclude that it is worthwhile to use the TVD scheme in our ecosystem model.

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A deep crustal fluid channel into the San Andreas Fault system near Parkfield, California   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Becken  O. Ritter  S. K. Park  P. A. Bedrosian  U. Weckmann  M. Weber 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,173(2):718-732

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Atmospheric Electrification in Dusty,Reactive Gases in the Solar System and Beyond     

Christiane Helling  R. Giles Harrison  Farideh Honary  Declan A. Diver  Karen Aplin  Ian Dobbs-Dixon  Ute Ebert  Shu-ichiro Inutsuka  Francisco J. Gordillo-Vazquez  Stuart Littlefair 《Surveys in Geophysics》2016,37(4):705-756

Detailed observations of the solar system planets reveal a wide variety of local atmospheric conditions. Astronomical observations have revealed a variety of extrasolar planets none of which resembles any of the solar system planets in full. Instead, the most massive amongst the extrasolar planets, the gas giants, appear very similar to the class of (young) brown dwarfs which are amongst the oldest objects in the Universe. Despite this diversity, solar system planets, extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs have broadly similar global temperatures between 300 and 2500 K. In consequence, clouds of different chemical species form in their atmospheres. While the details of these clouds differ, the fundamental physical processes are the same. Further to this, all these objects were observed to produce radio and X-ray emissions. While both kinds of radiation are well studied on Earth and to a lesser extent on the solar system planets, the occurrence of emissions that potentially originate from accelerated electrons on brown dwarfs, extrasolar planets and protoplanetary disks is not well understood yet. This paper offers an interdisciplinary view on electrification processes and their feedback on their hosting environment in meteorology, volcanology, planetology and research on extrasolar planets and planet formation.  相似文献   

The mechanism of cation and oxygen isotope exchange in alkali feldspars under hydrothermal conditions   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Dominik R. D. Niedermeier  Andrew Putnis  Thorsten Geisler  Ute Golla-Schindler  Christine V. Putnis 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(1):65-76

The mechanism of re-equilibration of albite in a hydrothermal fluid has been investigated experimentally using natural albite crystals in an aqueous KCl solution enriched in ¹⁸O at 600°C and 2 kbars pressure. The reaction is pseudomorphic and produces a rim of K-feldspar with a sharp interface on a nanoscale which moves into the parent albite with increasing reaction time. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) diffraction contrast and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) show that the K-feldspar has a very high defect concentration and a disordered Al, Si distribution, compared to the parent albite. Raman spectroscopy shows a frequency shift of the Si-O-Si bending vibration from ~476 cm⁻¹ in K-feldspar formed in normal ¹⁶O aqueous solution to ~457 cm⁻¹ in the K-feldspar formed in ¹⁸O-enriched solution, reflecting a mass-related frequency shift due to a high enrichment of ¹⁸O in the K-feldspar silicate framework. Raman mapping of the spatial distribution of the frequency shift, and hence ¹⁸O content, compared with major element distribution maps, show a 1:1 correspondence between the reaction rim formed by the replacement of albite by K-feldspar, and the oxygen isotope re-equilibration. The textural and chemical characteristics as well as the kinetics of the replacement of albite by K-feldspar are consistent with an interface-coupled dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism.  相似文献   

A method for seafloor classification using directional variograms, demonstrated for data from the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge     

Ute Christina Herzfeld 《Mathematical Geology》1993,25(7):901-924

Seafloor classification is aimed at quantitatively characterizing seafloor properties such as roughness and anisotropy, and at using such spatial characteristics to distinguish geological provinces automatically. From geostatistical principals, a variogram method is developed for seafloor classification and it is demonstrated for data from the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 25°45N to 26°40N. This study uses HYDROSWEEP bathymetric data which have been ping-edited to flag erroneous data records, and navigation corrected. The classification method can handle the resultant data gaps inside the survey swaths as well as interpret data from several swaths. For a suite of test areas representative of different geological provinces, directional variograms are calculated, and characteristic parameters are extracted for the classification. Examples include a sediment pond, abyssal hill terrain in several segments and of variable spacing, inside and outside corners of ridge discontinuities, and mixed morphological forms. The dependency of the results on random or regular subsampling and on the size of the test area is investigated.  相似文献   

Accuracy of the spatial representation of the seafloor with bathymetric sidescan sonars     

Pierre Cervenka  Ute Christina Herzfeld  Christian De Moustier 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1994,16(6):407-425

When isobath maps of the seafloor are constructed with a bathymetric sidescan sonar system the position of each sounding is derived from estimates of range and elevation. The location of each pixel forming the acoustic backscatter image is calculated from the same estimates. The accuracy of the resulting maps depends on the acoustic array geometry, on the performances of the acoustic signal processing, and on knowledge of other parameters including: the platform's navigation, the sonar transducer's attitude, and the sound rays' trajectory between the sonar and the seafloor. The relative importance of these factors in the estimation of target location is assesed. The effects of the platform motions (e.g. roll, pitch, yaw, sway, surge and heave) and of the uncertainties in the elevation angle measurements are analyzed in detail. The variances associated with the representation (orientation and depth) of a plane, rectangular patch of the seafloor are evaluated, depending on the geometry of the patch. The inverse problem is addressed. Its solution gives the lateral dimensions of the spatial filter that must be applied to the bathymetric data to obtain specified accuracies of the slopes and depths. The uncertainty in the estimate of elevation angle, mostly due to the acoustic noise, is found to bring the main error contribution in across-track slope estimates. It can also be critical for along-track slope estimates, overshadowing error contributions due to the platform's attitude. Numerical examples are presented.On leave at the Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7420, Washington D.C. 20375-5350, U.S.A.  相似文献   

Introduction to the special issue on “Cost-effective and innovative mineral exploration solutions”     

Alireza Malehmir  Musa Manzi  Deyan Draganov  Ute Weckmann  Esben Auken 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(1):3-6

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The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability at Venus: What is the unstable boundary?     

Ute V. Möstl  Nikolay V. Erkaev  Michael Zellinger  Helmut Lammer  Hannes Gröller  Helfried K. Biernat  Daniil Korovinskiy 《Icarus》2011,216(2):476-484

The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability gained scientific attention after observations at Venus by the spacecraft Pioneer Venus Orbiter gave rise to speculations that the instability contributes to the loss of planetary ions through the formation of plasma clouds. Since then, a handful of studies were devoted to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability at the ionopause and its implications for Venus. The aim of this study is to investigate the stability of the two instability-relevant boundary layers around Venus: the induced magnetopause and the ionopause. We solve the 2D magnetohydrodynamic equations with the total variation diminishing Lax–Friedrichs algorithm and perform simulation runs with different initial conditions representing the situation at the boundary layers around Venus. Our results show that the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability does not seem to be able to reach its nonlinear vortex phase at the ionopause due to the very effective stabilizing effect of a large density jump across this boundary layer. This seems also to be true for the induced magnetopause for low solar activity. During high solar activity, however, there could occur conditions at the induced magnetopause which are in favour of the nonlinear evolution of the instability. For this situation, we estimated roughly a growth rate for planetary oxygen ions of about 7.6 × 10²⁵ s⁻¹, which should be regarded as an upper limit for loss due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability.  相似文献   

Estimation of industrial and commercial asset values for hazard risk assessment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Isabel Seifert  Annegret H. Thieken  Mirjam Merz  Dietmar Borst  Ute Werner 《Natural Hazards》2010,52(2):453-479

For risk analyses not only knowledge about the impact of different types of hazards, but also information about the elements and values at risk is necessary. This article introduces a methodology for a countrywide estimation of asset values for commercial and industrial properties using Germany as an example. It consists of a financial appraisal of asset values on the municipal level and a further disaggregation by means of land use data. Novelties are the distinction of 60 economic activities, the consideration of production site sizes and the application of a dasymetric mapping technique for a sector-specific estimation and disaggregation of asset values. A validation with empirical data confirms the feasibility of the calculation. The resulting maps can be used for loss estimations e.g. in the framework of cost–benefit analyses that aim to evaluate hazard mitigation measures or for portfolio analyses by banks and insurance companies. The approach can be used for other countries if the necessary data is available (mainly in industrialized countries). In any case, it reveals the critical points when estimating commercial and industrial asset values.  相似文献