Review of the source characteristics of the Great Sumatra–Andaman Islands earthquake of 2004     

William Menke  Hannah Abend  Dalia Bach  Kori Newman  Vadim Levin 《Surveys in Geophysics》2006,27(6):603-613

The December 26, 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Island earthquake, which ruptured the Sunda Trench subduction zone, is one of the three largest earthquakes to occur since global monitoring began in the 1890s. Its seismic moment was M ₀ = 1.00 × 10²³–1.15 × 10²³ Nm, corresponding to a moment-magnitude of M _w = 9.3. The rupture propagated from south to north, with the southerly part of fault rupturing at a speed of 2.8 km/s. Rupture propagation appears to have slowed in the northern section, possibly to ∼2.1 km/s, although published estimates have considerable scatter. The average slip is ∼5 m along a shallowly dipping (8°), N31°W striking thrust fault. The majority of slip and moment release appears to have been concentrated in the southern part of the rupture zone, where slip locally exceeded 30 m. Stress loading from this earthquake caused the section of the plate boundary immediately to the south to rupture in a second, somewhat smaller earthquake. This second earthquake occurred on March 28, 2005 and had a moment-magnitude of M _w = 8.5.  相似文献   

Chlorine in submarine volcanic glasses from the eastern manus basin   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

W.D. Sun  R.A. Binns  A.C. Fan  V.S. Kamenetsky  G.J. Wei  R.J. Arculus 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(6):1542-1552

Submarine volcanic glasses from the eastern Manus Basin of Papua New Guinea, ranging from basalt to rhyodacite, clarify the geochemical behavior of Cl in arc-type magmas. For the Manus samples, Cl is well correlated with non-volatile highly incompatible trace elements, suggesting it was not highly volatile and discounting significant seawater contamination. The Cl partition coefficient is close to but slightly lower than that of Nb and K₂O, a behavior similar to that in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and ocean island basalts (OIB). The similar incompatibilities of Cl and Nb imply that the Cl/Nb values of the eastern Manus Basin glasses reflect their magma source. For glasses from other west Pacific back-arc basins, Cl/Nb, Ba/Nb, and U/Nb increase towards the subduction trench, indicating increased contribution of a component enriched in Cl, Ba, and U, likely from subduction-released slab fluids. It is estimate that ∼80% of the Cl in the Manus arc-type glasses was added directly from subducted slab-derived fluids. We have also modeled Cl behavior during magma evolution in general. Our results show that the behavior of Cl in magma is strongly influenced by pressure, initial H₂O content, and the degree of magmatic fractionation. At early stages of magmatic evolution, for magmas with initial H₂O content of <4.0 wt%, Cl is highly incompatible under all pressures. By contrast, for more evolved magmas at moderately high pressure and high H₂O contents, considerable amounts of Cl can be extracted from the magma once H₂O saturation is reached. Accordingly, Cl is usually highly incompatible in MORB and OIB because of their low H₂O contents and relatively low degrees of fractional crystallization. The behavior of Cl in arc magmas is more complicated, ranging from highly incompatible to compatible depending on H₂O content and depth of magma chambers. The behavior of Cl in the eastern Manus Basin magmas is consistent with low H₂O contents (1.1-1.7 wt%) and evolution at low pressures (<0.1 GPa). Modeling results also indicate that Cl will behave differently in intrusive rocks compared to volcanic rocks because of the different pressures involved. This may have a strong influence on the mechanisms of ore genesis in these two tectonic settings.  相似文献   

Partitioning of lanthanides and Y between immiscible silicate and fluoride melts, fluorite and cryolite and the origin of the lanthanide tetrad effect in igneous rocks   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ilya V. Veksler  Alexander M. Dorfman  Maya Kamenetsky  Donald B. Dingwell 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(11):2847-2860

Some F-rich granitic rocks show anomalous, nonchondritic ratios of Y/Ho, extreme negative Eu anomalies, and unusual, discontinuous, segmented chondrite-normalised plots of rare earth elements (REE). The effects of F-rich fluids have been proposed as one of the explanations for the geochemical anomalies in the evolved granitic systems, as the stability of nonsilicate complexes of individual rare earths may affect the fluid-melt element partitioning. The lanthanide tetrad effect, related to different configurations of 4f-electron subshells of the lanthanide elements, is one of the factors affecting such complexing behaviour. We present the first experimental demonstration of the decoupling of Y and Ho, and the tetrad effect in the partitioning of rare earths between immiscible silicate and fluoride melts. Two types of experiments were performed: dry runs at atmospheric pressure in a high-temperature centrifuge at 1100 to 1200°C, and experiments with the addition of H₂O at 700 to 800°C and 100 MPa in rapid-quench cold-seal pressure vessels. Run products were analysed by electron microprobe (major components), solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (REE in the centrifuged runs), and laser ablation ICP-MS (REE and Li in the products of rapid-quench runs). All the dry centrifuge runs were performed at super-liquidus, two-phase conditions. In the experiments with water-bearing mixtures, minor amounts of aqueous vapour were present in addition to the melts. We found that lanthanides and Y concentrated strongly in the fluoride liquids, with two-melt partition coefficients reaching values as high as 100-220 in water-bearing compositions. In all the experimental samples, two-melt partition coefficients of lanthanides show subtle periodicity consistent with the tetrad effect, and the partition coefficient of Y is greater than that of Ho. One of the mixtures also produced abundant fluorite (CaF₂) and cryolite (Na₃AlF₆) crystals, which enabled us to study fluorite-melt and cryolite-melt REE partitioning. REE concentrations in fluorite are high and comparable to those in the fluoride melt. However, fluorite-melt partition coefficients appear to depend mostly on ionic radii and show neither significant tetrad anomalies, nor differences in Y and Ho partitioning. In contrast, REE concentrations in cryolite are low (∼5-10 times lower than in the silicate melt), and cryolite-melt REE partitioning shows very strong tetrad and Y-Ho anomalies. Our results imply that Y-Ho and lanthanide tetrad anomalies are likely to be caused mainly by aluminofluoride complexes, and the tetrad REE patterns in natural igneous rocks can result from fractionation of F-rich magmatic fluids.  相似文献   

The cross-convolution method for interpreting SKS splitting observations, with application to one and two-layer anisotropic earth models   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

William Menke  Vadim Levin 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,154(2):379-392

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Coexistence of two distinct mantle sources during formation of ophiolites: a case study of primitive pillow-lavas from the lowest part of the volcanic section of the Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

M. V. Portnyagin  L. V. Danyushevsky  V. S. Kamenetsky 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1997,128(2-3):287-301

We present a detailed mineralogical, petrological and melt inclusion study of unusually fresh, primitive olivine + clinopyroxene phyric Lower Pillow Lavas (LPL) found near Analiondas village in the northeastern part of the Troodos ophiolite (Cyprus). Olivine phenocrysts in these primitive LPL show a wide compositional range (Fo_82–92) and have higher CaO contents than those from the Upper Pillow Lavas (UPL). Cr-spinel inclusions in olivine are significantly less Cr-rich (Cr/Cr + Al = 28–67 mol%) compared to those from the UPL (Cr# = 70–80). These features reflect differences in melt compositions between primitive LPL and the UPL, namely higher CaO and Al₂O₃ and lower FeO* compared to the UPL at a given MgO. LPL parental melts (in equilibrium with Fo₉₂) had ∼10.5 wt% MgO and crystallization temperatures ∼1210 °C, which are significantly lower than those previously published for the UPL (14–15 wt% MgO and ∼1300 °C for Fo₉₂). The fractionation path of LPL parental melts is also different from that of the UPL. It is characterized initially by olivine + clinopyroxene cotectic crystallization joined by plagioclase at ∼9 wt% MgO, whereas UPL parental melts experienced a substantial interval of olivine-only crystallization. Primitive LPL melts were formed from a mantle source which was more fertile than that of tholeiites from well-developed intra-oceanic arcs, but broadly similar in its fertility to that of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB) and Back Arc Basin Basalts (BABB). The higher degrees of melting during formation of the LPL primary melts compared to average MORB were caused by the presence of subduction-related components (H₂O). Our new data on the LPL coupled with existing data for the UPL support the existing idea that the LPL and UPL primary melts originated from distinct mantle sources, which cannot be related by progressive source depletion. Temperature differences between these sources (∼150 °C), their position in the mantle (∼10 kbar for the colder LPL source vs 15–18 kbar for the UPL source), and temporal succession of Troodos volcanism, all cannot be reconciled in the framework of existing models of mantle wedge processes, thermal structure and evolution, if a single mantle source is invoked. Possible tectonic settings for the origin of the Troodos ophiolite (forearc regions of intra-oceanic island arc, propagation of backarc spreading into arc lithosphere) are discussed. Received: 20 May 1996 / Accepted: 25 March 1997  相似文献   

Global energy security under different climate policies,GDP growth rates and fossil resource availabilities     

Aleh Cherp  Jessica Jewell  Vadim Vinichenko  Nico Bauer  Enrica De Cian 《Climatic change》2016,136(1):83-94

Energy security is one of the main drivers of energy policies. Understanding energy security implications of long-term scenarios is crucial for informed policy making, especially with respect to transformations of energy systems required to stabilize climate change. This paper evaluates energy security under several global energy scenarios, modeled in the REMIND and WITCH integrated assessment models. The paper examines the effects of long-term climate policies on energy security under different assumptions about GDP growth and fossil fuel availability. It uses a systematic energy security assessment framework and a set of global and regional indicators for risks associated with energy trade and resilience associated with diversity of energy options. The analysis shows that climate policies significantly reduce the risks and increase the resilience of energy systems in the first half of the century. Climate policies also make energy supply, energy mix, and energy trade less dependent upon assumptions of fossil resource availability and GDP growth, and thus more predictable than in the baseline scenarios.  相似文献   

Numerical simulation of tides in the World Ocean: 3. A solution to the spectral problem     

Dr. Vadim Yu. Gotlib  Prof. Boris A. Kagan 《Ocean Dynamics》1982,35(2):45-58

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New carbonatite complex in the western Baikal area,southern Siberian craton: Mineralogy,age, geochemistry,and petrogenesis     

V. B. Savelyeva  E. I. Demonterova  Yu. V. Danilova  E. P. Bazarova  A. V. Ivanov  V. S. Kamenetsky 《Petrology》2016,24(3):271-302

A dike–vein complex of potassic type of alkalinity recently discovered in the Baikal ledge, western Baikal area, southern Siberian craton, includes calcite and dolomite–ankerite carbonatites, silicate-bearing carbonatite, phlogopite metapicrite, and phoscorite. The most reliable ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar dating of the rocks on magnesioriebeckite from alkaline metasomatite at contact with carbonatite yields a statistically significant plateau age of 1017.4 ± 3.2 Ma. The carbonatite is characterized by elevated SiO₂ concentrations and is rich in K₂O (K₂O/Na₂O ratio is 21 on average for the calcite carbonatite and 2.5 for the dolomite–ankerite carbonatite), TiO₂, P₂O₅ (up to 9 wt %), REE (up to 3300 ppm), Nb (up to 400 ppm), Zr (up to 800 ppm), Fe, Cr, V, Ni, and Co at relatively low Sr concentrations. Both the metapicrite and the carbonatite are hundreds of times or even more enriched in Ta, Nb, K, and LREE relative to the mantle and are tens of times richer in Rb, Ba, Zr, Hf, and Ti. The high (Gd/Yb)_CN ratios of the metapicrite (4.5–11) and carbonatite (4.5–17) testify that their source contained residual garnet, and the high K₂O/Na₂O ratios of the metapicrite (9–15) and carbonatite suggest that the source also contained phlogopite. The Nd isotopic ratios of the carbonatite suggest that the mantle source of the carbonatite was mildly depleted and similar to an average OIB source. The carbonatites of various mineral composition are believed to be formed via the crystallization differentiation of ferrocarbonatite melt, which segregated from ultramafic alkaline melt.  相似文献   

Alteration at the Olympic Dam IOCG–U deposit: insights into distal to proximal feldspar and phyllosilicate chemistry from infrared reflectance spectroscopy     

A. J. Mauger  K. Ehrig  A. Kontonikas-Charos  C. L. Ciobanu  N. J. Cook  V. S. Kamenetsky 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2016,63(8):959-972

Twenty thousand metres of diamond drill core representing a 14 km cross-section from weakly to intensely altered Roxby Downs Granite through the Olympic Dam Breccia Complex, host to the Olympic Dam iron-oxide–copper–gold–uranium deposit in South Australia, was analysed using the HyLogger-3 spectral scanner. Thermal and shortwave infrared spectroscopy results from 30 drill holes provide insight into the spatial relationships between quartz, orthoclase–microcline, albite–oligoclase and progressively changing sericite and chlorite compositions. The relative proportions of quartz, feldspars and phyllosilicates were mapped with thermal infrared spectroscopy. Variations in the chemistry of sericite and chlorite were extracted by proxy from their shortwave infrared spectral response, together with their relative spatial distribution. HyLogger scanning has revealed four deposit-scale mineralogical trends, progressing from least-altered Roxby Downs Granite into mineralisation where most of the feldspar has been replaced by sericite + hematite + quartz: (1) a progressive Al–OH wavelength shift of 2205 nm to 2210 nm for sericite, followed by a spatially rapid reversal corresponding to lower phengite/muscovite abundance ratios; (2) progressive Mg/Fe–OH wavelength shift of 2248 nm to 2252 nm reflecting an increase in the Fe:Mg ratio of chlorite; (3) increasing ratio of microcline to orthoclase followed by a rapid decrease; and (4) slightly decreasing ratio of albite to oligoclase followed by plagioclase destruction prior to albite replacement by sericite. The HyLogger feldspar results support recent petrographic evidence for hydrothermal albite and K-feldspar at the Olympic Dam deposit, not previously reported. The spectral results from continuous HyLogger scans also show that the microscopic observations and proposed feldspar replacement reactions are not locally isolated phenomena, but are applicable at the deposit and regional-scale. A modified quartz–K-feldspar–plagioclase ternary diagram utilising mineralogy interpreted from HyLogger thermal infrared spectra (QAP_TIR) diagram along with supporting data on the abundance ratios of orthoclase/microcline and albite/plagioclase, and the wavelength shifts in characteristic absorption features for sericite and chlorite, can be used as empirical vectors towards mineralisation within the Olympic Dam mineral system, with potential application to other IOCG ore-forming systems. Intrusion of Gairdner Dyke Swarm dolerite dykes into sericite ± hematite altered Roxby Downs Granite results in retrograde albite–chlorite–magnetite alteration envelopes (up to tens of metres thick) overprinting the original sericite ± hematite alteration zone and needs to be carefully evaluated to ensure that such areas are not falsely downgraded during exploration.  相似文献   

Immiscibility between silicate magmas and aqueous fluids: a melt inclusion pursuit into the magmatic-hydrothermal transition in the Omsukchan Granite (NE Russia)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

V.S. Kamenetsky  V.B. Naumov  P. Davidson  E. van Achterbergh  C.G. Ryan 《Chemical Geology》2004,210(1-4):73-90

Exsolution (unmixing) of the volatile element-rich phases from cooling and crystallising silicate magmas is critical for element transport from the Earth’s interior into the atmosphere, hydrosphere, crustal hydrothermal systems, and the formation of orthomagmatic ore deposits. Unmixing is an inherently fugitive phenomenon and melt inclusions (droplets of melt trapped by minerals) provide robust evidence of this process. In this study, melt inclusions in phenocrystic and miarolitic quartz were studied to better understand immiscibility in the final stages of cooling of, and volatile exsolution from, granitic magmas, using the tin-bearing Omsukchan Granite (NE Russia) as an example.

Primary magmatic inclusions in quartz phenocrysts demonstrate the coexistence of silicate melt and magma-derived Cl-rich fluids (brine and vapour), and emulsions of these, during crystallisation of the granite magma. Microthermometric experiments, in conjunction with PIXE and other analytical techniques, disclose extreme heterogeneity in the composition of the non-silicate phases, even in fluid globules within the same silicate melt inclusion. We suggest that the observed variability is a consequence of strong chemical heterogeneity in the residual silicate-melt/brine/vapour system on a local scale, owing to crystallisation, immiscibility and failure of individual phases to re-equilibrate. The possible evolution of non-silicate volatile magmatic phases into more typical “hydrothermal” chloride solutions was examined using inclusions in quartz from associated miarolitic cavities.  相似文献