A note on climate change adaptation for seaports: a challenge for global ports, a challenge for global society     

Austin H. Becker  Michele Acciaro  Regina Asariotis  Edgard Cabrera  Laurent Cretegny  Philippe Crist  Miguel Esteban  Andrew Mather  Steve Messner  Susumu Naruse  Adolf K. Y. Ng  Stefan Rahmstorf  Michael Savonis  Dong-Wook Song  Vladimir Stenek  Adonis F. Velegrakis 《Climatic change》2013,120(4):683-695

With 80 % of world trade carried by sea, seaports provide crucial linkages in global supply-chains and are essential for the ability of all countries to access global markets. Seaports are likely to be affected directly and indirectly by climatic changes, with broader implications for international trade and development. Due to their coastal location, seaports are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events associated with increasing sea levels and tropical storm activity, as illustrated by hurricane “Sandy”. In view of their strategic role as part of the globalized trading system, adapting ports in different parts of the world to the impacts of climate change is of considerable importance. Reflecting the views of a diverse group of stakeholders with expertise in climate science, engineering, economics, policy, and port management, this essay highlights the climate change challenge for ports and suggests a way forward through the adoption of some initial measures. These include both “soft” and “hard” adaptations that may be spearheaded by individual port entities, but will require collaboration and support from a broad range of public and private sector stakeholders and from society at large. In particular, the essay highlights a need to shift to more holistic planning, investment and operation.  相似文献   

On the radiative and thermodynamic properties of the cosmic radiations using COBE FIRAS instrument data: I. Cosmic microwave background radiation     

Anatoliy I. Fisenko  Vladimir Lemberg 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2014,352(1):221-230

Using the explicit form of the functions to describe the monopole and dipole spectra of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation, the exact expressions for the temperature dependences of the radiative and thermodynamic functions, such as the total radiation power per unit area, total energy density, number density of photons, Helmholtz free energy density, entropy density, heat capacity at constant volume, and pressure in the finite range of frequencies v ₁≤v≤v ₂ are obtained. Since the dependence of temperature upon the redshift z is known, the obtained expressions can be simply presented in z representation. Utilizing experimental data for the monopole and dipole spectra measured by the COBE FIRAS instrument in the 60–600 GHz frequency interval at the temperature T=2.72548 K, the values of the radiative and thermodynamic functions, as well as the radiation density constant a and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ are calculated. In the case of the dipole spectrum, the constants a and σ, and the radiative and thermodynamic properties of the CMB radiation are obtained using the mean amplitude T _amp=3.358 mK. It is shown that the Doppler shift leads to a renormalization of the radiation density constant a, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ, and the corresponding constants for the thermodynamic functions. The expressions for new astrophysical parameters, such as the entropy density/Boltzmann constant, and number density of CMB photons are obtained. The radiative and thermodynamic properties of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation for the monopole and dipole spectra at redshift z≈1089 are calculated.  相似文献   

A cosmological study of the star formation history in the solar neighbourhood     

X. Hernández  Vladimir Avila-Reese  Claudio Firmani 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,327(1):329-338

We use a cosmological galactic evolutionary approach to model the Milky Way. A detailed treatment of the mass aggregation and dynamical history of the growing dark halo is included, together with a self-consistent physical treatment for the star formation processes within the growing galactic disc. This allows us to calculate the temporal evolution of star and gas surface densities at all galactic radii, in particular, the star formation history (SFH) at the solar radius. A large range of cosmological mass aggregation histories (MAHs) is capable of producing a galaxy with the present-day properties of the Milky Way. The resulting SFHs for the solar neighbourhood bracket the available observational data for this feature, the most probable MAH yielding the optimal comparison with these observations. We also find that the rotation curve for our Galaxy implies the presence of a constant density core in its dark-matter halo.  相似文献   

Compressible,conductive, steady MHD flow in a gravitational field     

Vladimir Osherovich 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1983,93(2):221-228

The magnetohydrodynamics of a compressible fluid with finite electrical conductivity in a gravitational field is treated analytically. For the case of one ignorable coordinate in cylindrical and Cartesian coordinates the problem is reduced to a scalar partial differential equation. The ideal gas equation of state is considered. For simplicity, the new equation is derived for a two-component motion. The application of this result to mass flow in sunspots is discussed.  相似文献   

The integrable cases of the general spatial three-body problem at third-order resonance     

Vladimir N. Shinkin 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1995,62(4):323-334

For the general three-body problem at third-order resonance an analytical solution is obtained by the use of the Weierstrass functions.  相似文献   

The effect of orbital eccentricity and nodal regression on spin-stabilized satellites     

Vladimir N. Dvornychenko  R. Bruce Gerding 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1977,16(3):263-274

The gyroscopic motion of a spin-stabilized satellite due to gravity gradient torques in a circular orbit has been analyzed to varying degrees in numerous publications. This paper shows that the restriction to a circular orbit is, in fact, not essential and with a slight increase in complexity, noncircular orbits may be treated. More importantly, a uniform regression of the orbital node can also be accounted for. The general results are expressed in closed form using Jacobian elliptic functions. Finally, and this is perhaps most important, certain algebraic integrals of the precession are given which can be used to place limits on the excursions of the spin axis without actually solving for the motion. This allows one to design orientations such that the maximum angle between the orbit normal and spin axis never exceeds a specific amount even though the orbit normal is in precession.  相似文献   

Force-free electromagnetic waves     

Vladimir A. Osherovich  Erast B. Gliner 《Solar physics》1988,117(2):391-397

The time-dependent Force-Free Electromagnetic Field (FFEMF) is studied. In contrast to the case of Force-Free Magnetic Field (FFMF), it is shown that the FFEMF can occur in the form of waves. The FFEMF wave equation is solved in the case of one spatial dimension. Besides a periodical linear FFEMF wave solutions, the existence of solitary wave solutions is demonstrated. The possible application of FFEMF solutions to solar flares is discussed.Work done at the Space Environment Laboratory, NOAA/ERL/SEL, Boulder, CO 80303, U.S.A.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

G. Lomnitz  Vladimir Schenk 《Natural Hazards》1988,1(3):309-310

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Magnetic flux tube in a stratified atmosphere under the influence of the vertical magnetic field     

Vladimir A. Osherovich 《Solar physics》1984,94(2):207-217

The magnetohydrostatic equilibrium of a magnetic flux tube in a homogeneous gravitational and vertical magnetic field is studied. Gas pressure and density are presented explicitly as a function of the external magnetic field. The influence of the external magnetic field on the magnetic and thermodynamic structures is illustrated by two exact solutions. The possible applications to sunspot and facular modeling are discussed.Work done at the Space Environment Laboratory, NOAA/ERL, Boulder, CO 80303, U.S.A.  相似文献   

A multi-proxy approach for revealing recent climatic changes in the Russian Altai   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Olga V. Sidorova  Matthias Saurer  Vladimir S. Myglan  Anja Eichler  Margit Schwikowski  Aleksander V. Kirdyanov  Marina V. Bryukhanova  Oksana V. Gerasimova  Ivan A. Kalugin  Andrey V. Daryin  Rolf T. W. Siegwolf 《Climate Dynamics》2012,38(1-2):175-188

For the first time we present a multi-proxy data set for the Russian Altai, consisting of Siberian larch tree-ring width (TRW), latewood density (MXD), δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O in cellulose chronologies obtained for the period 1779–2007 and cell wall thickness (CWT) for 1900–2008. All of these parameters agree well between each other in the high-frequency variability, while the low-frequency climate information shows systematic differences. The correlation analysis with temperature and precipitation data from the closest weather station and gridded data revealed that annual TRW, MXD, CWT, and δ¹³C data contain a strong summer temperature signal, while δ¹⁸O in cellulose represents a mixed summer and winter temperature and precipitation signal. The temperature and precipitation reconstructions from the Belukha ice core and Teletskoe lake sediments were used to investigate the correspondence of different independent proxies. Low frequency patterns in TRW and δ¹³C chronologies are consistent with temperature reconstructions from nearby Belukha ice core and Teletskoe lake sediments showing a pronounced warming trend in the last century. Their combination could be used for the regional temperature reconstruction. The long-term δ¹⁸O trend agrees with the precipitation reconstruction from the Teletskoe lake sediment indicating more humid conditions during the twentieth century. Therefore, these two proxies could be combined for the precipitation reconstruction.  相似文献