Effect of Urbanization on Land-Surface Temperature at an Urban Climate Station in North China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Tao Bian  Guoyu Ren  Yanxia Yue 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,165(3):553-567

While the land-surface temperature (LST) observed at meteorological stations has significantly increased over the previous few decades, it is still unclear to what extent urbanization has affected these positive trends. Based on the LST data recorded at an urban station in Shijiazhuang in North China, and two rural meteorological stations, the effect of urbanization at the Shijiazhuang station for the period 1965–2012 is examined. We find, (1) a statistically-significant linear trend in annual mean urban–rural LST difference of \(0.27\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) \(\hbox {(10 year)}^{-1}\), with an urbanization contribution of 100% indicating that the increase in the annual mean LST at the urban station is entirely caused by urbanization. The urbanization effects in spring, summer and autumn on the trends of mean LST are also significant; (2) the urbanization effect is small for time series of the annual mean minimum LST, and statistically marginal for the trend in annual mean maximum LST [\(0.19\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\,\hbox {(10 year)}^{-1}\)]; (3) the urbanization effect on the annual mean diurnal LST range (\(\Delta {LST}\)) at the urban station is a strongly significant trend of \(0.23\,^{\circ }\hbox {C (10\,year)}^{-1}\), with an urbanization contribution of 21%. The urbanization effects on trends in the spring and autumn mean \(\Delta {LST}\) are also larger and more significant than for the other seasons; (4) the urbanization effects on the long-term LST trends are remarkably different from those on the near-surface air temperature at the same urban station. Nonetheless, the significant warming of the urban boundary layer is expected to affect the urban environment and ecosystems. However, the problem of data representativeness at an urban station for the monitoring and investigation of large-scale climate change remains.  相似文献   

Sensitivity of Turbine-Height Wind Speeds to Parameters in Planetary Boundary-Layer and Surface-Layer Schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model     

Ben Yang  Yun Qian  Larry K. Berg  Po-Lun Ma  Sonia Wharton  Vera Bulaevskaya  Huiping Yan  Zhangshuan Hou  William J. Shaw 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,162(1):117-142

We evaluate the sensitivity of simulated turbine-height wind speeds to 26 parameters within the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) planetary boundary-layer scheme and MM5 surface-layer scheme of the Weather Research and Forecasting model over an area of complex terrain. An efficient sampling algorithm and generalized linear model are used to explore the multiple-dimensional parameter space and quantify the parametric sensitivity of simulated turbine-height wind speeds. The results indicate that most of the variability in the ensemble simulations is due to parameters related to the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), Prandtl number, turbulent length scales, surface roughness, and the von Kármán constant. The parameter associated with the TKE dissipation rate is found to be most important, and a larger dissipation rate produces larger hub-height wind speeds. A larger Prandtl number results in smaller nighttime wind speeds. Increasing surface roughness reduces the frequencies of both extremely weak and strong airflows, implying a reduction in the variability of wind speed. All of the above parameters significantly affect the vertical profiles of wind speed and the magnitude of wind shear. The relative contributions of individual parameters are found to be dependent on both the terrain slope and atmospheric stability.  相似文献   

2015年春季北疆沿天山一带一次强沙尘暴过程分析     

闵月  李娜  汤浩 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2017,11(5):30-37

利用NCEP1°×1°全球格点再分析资料和常规地面观测资料,对2015年4月27日北疆沿天山一带的沙尘暴天气过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明：乌拉尔山低槽分裂短波槽与中纬度锋区上中亚低槽汇合东移是沙尘暴发生的影响系统,地面冷锋过境是沙尘暴出现的直接原因;前期高温少雨,时值春播期为沙尘暴的发生提供了丰富的沙尘源;中层400 hPa至低层700 hPa强冷平流的入侵,加大了热力不稳定;假相当位温锋区的强迫抬升作用,触发了不稳定能量的释放;300 hPa高空西风急流的增强造成锋生和动量下传,为沙尘暴提供了充足的动力。沙尘暴天气发生在地面冷锋后部西北大风区内、Δp3中心前部、850 hPa强冷平流前部以及850 hPa强上升运动区内。Δp3 ≥10.0 hPa、水平螺旋度≤ -300 m2?s-2对沙尘暴天气的预报有较好的指示意义。  相似文献   

江淮气旋气候学特征的统计研究     

周越  夏兰 《气象与环境科学》2017,40(3):79-85

从江淮气旋的定义出发,采用欧洲中期天气预报中心的ERA-Interim再分析资料,运用气旋的客观判定与追踪算法追踪江淮气旋,分析了1979-2010年江淮气旋的气候特征。结果表明:江淮气旋发生的频数有显著的年际变化,但随时间变化的长期趋势并不明显。由于春季冷空气活动频繁,且易与副高西南侧气流汇合形成气旋,因此春季是江淮气旋最活跃的季节,其中5月份江淮气旋发生次数最多;而在冬季,东亚地区受大陆冷高压控制,形势稳定,不易形成气旋,故秋冬季江淮气旋出现较少。受地形和下垫面等因素影响,江淮气旋生成的源地主要位于洞庭湖地区、鄱阳湖地区及大别山区东北侧。43.9%的江淮气旋中心平均降压率为0~-1 h Pa/6h,大多数江淮气旋中心最大降压率为0~-2 h Pa/6h(占66.4%),较难形成暴发性气旋。江淮气旋生命史较短,主要为1~2天。  相似文献   

南极欺骗岛土壤细菌群落结构和多样性分析          下载免费PDF全文

王健孙云峰  李晨曦吴玥李艳红  杨志伟 《极地研究》2017,29(4):486-495

采用基于16S r DNA克隆文库的非培养方法和传统培养方法相结合的手段,对南极欺骗岛土壤细菌群落结构及多样性进行了初步分析。对来自16S r DNA克隆文库的118个阳性克隆进行测序和序列比对,结果显示细菌来自放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)3大门的39个操作分离单元(OTU),其中优势菌群为放线菌门和变形杆菌门,分别占65.25%和28.81%。放线菌门的主要优势属为鱼孢菌属(Sporichthya)、类诺卡式氏菌属(Nocardioides)、束缚菌属(Conexibacter)、Gaiella和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)。变形杆菌门的主要优势属为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)。采用6种培养基对细菌进行培养和分离,共得到57株菌,来自放线菌门、变形杆菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门4大门的13个OTU,其中优势菌群为放线菌门和变形杆菌门,分别占57.89%和31.58%。优势属是放线菌门的节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、雷夫松氏菌属(Leifsonia)和变形杆菌门的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)。本论文为研究欺骗岛土壤细菌多样性以及有益菌种资源的开发和利用奠定了基础。  相似文献   

1950~2011年渤海地区海表风场的季节特征与多尺度变化分析     

任惠茹  李国胜  郭腾蛟  张悦  欧阳宁雷 《地理科学》2017,37(9):1430-1438

基于1950~2011年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对渤海10 m风场的风速与风向变化进行多尺度分析。利用小波分析、交叉谱分析等方法对渤海海域的海表风速、风向的变化趋势以及周期进行研究。分析发现：渤海地区海表风的风向与风速除了存在显著的季节性变化特征外,在年际、年代际的变化尺度上也有明显的周期性。风向存在1 a、8.7 a、15.8 a的显著周期,风速存在1 a、6.3 a、15 a的显著周期。风向与风速在时间尺度分别为20 a、5.71 a、2.67 a时存在显著共振周期;共振周期受东亚季风、西太平副热带高压的年际、年代际变化的影响呈现出多尺度变化周期。  相似文献   

Fine-Scale Measurements Of Turbulence In The Lower Troposphere: An Intercomparison Between A Kite- And Balloon-Borne, And A Helicopter-Borne Measurement System     

Andreas Muschinski  Ror Frehich  Mike Jensen  Ron Hugo  Axel Hoff  Frank Eaton  Ben Balsley 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,98(2):219-250

Two state-of-the-art, high-resolution, in situ turbulence measurement systems, which can be deployed at altitudes well above the atmospheric surface layer, are compared: the Tethered Lifting System (TLS) of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, and the helicopter-borneturbulence measurement system HELIPOD of the Technical UniversityBraunschweig, Germany, and the University of Hanover, Germany. Whilethe CIRES TLS is a fixed-point platform, HELIPOD is a moving platform.On the basis of data taken with the two systems in separate field campaigns,the system capabilities are quantified and discussed. Criteria for instrumentalrequirements are presented. It is shown that both the CIRES TLS and HELIPODare well suited for measuring fine-scale turbulence that is characterized by very small temperature structure parameters 10⁶ K² m^–2/3 and smaller) and very small energy dissipation rates (10^-7 m² s^-3 and smaller). The authors are not aware of any other turbulence measurement systems that have similar capabilities and can be deployed at altitudes of up to several kilometres. The HELIPOD is ideal for high-resolution horizontal measurements while the TLS is ideal for high-resolution vertical measurements using multiple sensors attached to a suspended line.  相似文献   

基于灰色理论的穿越管道抗震可靠性研究     

景悦  余建星等 《地震工程与工程振动》2001,21(4):88-92

本文基于灰色理论，考虑沙土液化，场地的影响，对地震作用下穿越管道的不同破坏程度的可靠性进行了研究，本文的方法较传统方法的加准确，简单，并通过实例证明其实用性和有效性。  相似文献   

北京市电子地图集的设计与技术实现   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14  

丁琳  刘岳  王全科 《地理研究》2001,20(2):220-228

在电子地图设计的研究中,“用户界面设计”、“三维景观表达”、“多媒体的使用”、“动态注记”、“图形冲突”和“屏幕地图的交互功能”等都是至关重要的问题。然而在电子地图日益普及的今天,对这些问题的认识还需进一步的研究。本文结合《北京市电子地图集》的创作实践,详细讨论了电子图集的功能设计和界面设计,对以上问题提出了切实可行的的解决方案,并给出了较为理想的试验结果  相似文献   

Low paleosecular variation at the equator: a paleomagnetic pilgrimage from Galapagos to Esterel with Allan Cox and Hans Zijderveld     

Rochette  P.  Ben Atig  F.  Collombat  H.  Vandamme  D.  Vlag  P. 《Geologie en Mijnbouw》1997,76(1-2):9-19

McFadden and Merrill (1995) suggested that the paleosecular variation (PSV) measured by the angular scatter of the virtual geomagnetic pole is minimal at the equator and should be smaller during a superchron than during the last 5 Myr. We revisited a key site of the 0–5 Ma database, the Galapagos archipelago, studied by Allan Cox in the early sixties. We obtained 79 sites with reliable mean directions on four islands (San Cristobal, Floreana, Santa Cruz and Pinzon), showing a larger proportion of transitional data than Cox (16 instead of 6%), because the sampling was concentrated on the Brunhes-Matuyama transition as delimited by Cox. This dataset allowed us to test the statistical method of Vandamme (1994) to separate PSV from transitional data. We obtained an angular scatter value of 11.2° (9.9–12.9°), instead of 16.8° for an a-priori rejection angle of 40°, compared with the 12.7° predicted from the global compilation (McFadden et al. 1991). Studies of sequences of lava flows are quite scarce in the Permian Kiaman Superchron, and the Esterel volcanics with their subequatorial paleolatitude are a good candidate to test the above prediction. We confirm the quality of the original data of Zijderveld (1975) and we improved the mean direction from one site. We also used new geological and geochronological data: Ar/Ar ages point to the period 264–278 Ma for a totally reversed volcanic sequence, in agreement with an ending of the Kiaman Superchron at 262–268 Ma. The extremely low angular scatter obtained (4 to 8°, depending on data selection) confirms the prediction, but an alternative interpretation invoking a post-volcanic Permian remagnetization is discussed.  相似文献