Characterization of microbial communities associated with African desert dust and their implications for human and ecosystem health     

Christina A. Kellogg 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):218-219

Desert winds aerosolize several billion tons of soil-derived dust each year, including concentrated seasonal pulses from Africa and Asia. Huge dust events create an atmospheric bridge over continents and oceans, and eject a large pulse of soil-associated microorganisms into the atmosphere. These dust events might therefore have a role in expanding the biogeographical range of some microorganisms by facilitating rare long-distance dispersal events. The goal of this study is to characterize the microbes associated with African dust events and determine if they pose a risk to humans or downwind ecosystems. Air samples were collected by vacuum filtration in a source region （Mali, West Africa） during dust events and plated on R2A media to culture microorganisms. These organisms were compared to those in similar samples collected in the Caribbean during Saharan/Sahelian dust events. A high-volume liquid impinger is currently being tested in Barbados, collecting aerosol samples during African dust events. Over 100 bacteria and fungi （19 genera of bacteria and three genera of fungi） have been characterized from source region dust events.  相似文献   

Factors controlling the spatial and temporal variability of dust emissions     

John A. Gillies William G. Nickling Vicken Etyemezian James King Mark Sweeney 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):219-220

New field measurement techniques are allowing researchers to better understand how surficial properties affect the temporal and spatial variability of dust emissions. In this paper we review the current understanding of the dust emission process and present new field measurements that examine how three surface properties： roughness, crust strength, and temporal changes of surface properties affect dust emissions. These data were collected using three unique measurement systems developed by our team. Roughness exerts considerable control on the entrainment threshold and emissions of dust from a surface. We have carried out a series of experiments designed to quantify roughness effects on aeolian sediment entrainment and transport in a shear stress partitioning framework. Our results show that the model of Raupach et al. （1993） provides very good agreement with available data to predict the amount of shearing stress on the intervening surface among roughness elements, relatively independent of their size and distribution. However, element size affects the aeolian sediment transport process beyond that attributable only to the reduction of surface shear stress caused by the roughness. Additional interactions of the elements with the saltation cloud appear to reduce the transport efficiency and potentially dust emissions as well. The effect of crust strength on dust emissions was assessed using a newly-developed pin penetrometer, which can measure crust strength in-situ. Previous researchers suggested that variation in crust strength even within a small area could lead to considerable spatial variability in dust emissions. Our measurements showed that crust strength is highly variable over a scale of centimeters. This variability may help to explain some of the observed scatter in field measurements of dust emissions for what appear to be homogeneous surfaces. Variability of dust emissions in time and space was also evaluated using a new instrument, the Portable In-Situ Wind Erosion Lab （PI-SWERL） developed to measure dust emissions from soil surfaces.  相似文献   

Naturally acidic and metalliferous waters at unmined volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the Bonnifield mining district, Alaska Range, east-central Alaska     

Robert G. Eppinger Paul H. Briggs Cynthia Dusel-Bacon Stuart A. Giles Larry P. Gough Jane M.Hammarstrom Bernard E. Hubbard 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):232-232

The Bonnifield district hosts 26 tmmined volcanogenic massive sulfide （VMS） occurrences. Environmental geochemical samples of water and stream sediment were collected at several occurrences, concentrating on the two best-exposed and largest deposits, Red Mountain （RM） and Sheep Creek （SC）. Limited samples were also collected at the poorly exposed WTF deposit. The deposits are Late Devonian to Early Mississippian, and are hosted by felsic metavolcanic and carbonaceous schist members of the Totatlanika Schist or Keevy Peak Fm. Spring and stream waters at RM and SC have pH values commonly 〈3.5 （as low as 2.4 at RM and 2.5 at SC）, high conductivity （up to 11000 μS/cm）, and very high （Is to 100s mg/L） dissolved contents of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Pb. Waters at RM are characterized by extremely high REE contents （summed REE median 3200 μg/L, n=33）. At both RM and SC, pyrite oxidation and dissolution produce low pH waters that interact with and dissolve bedrock minerals, resulting in acidic, metal-laden, naturally degraded streams that are mostly devoid of aquatic life. Ferricrete is common. In contrast, WTF barely produces a surficial environmental footprint, mostly due to topography and relief. RM and SC are well exposed in the areas of relatively high relief, and both exhibit extensive areas of quartz-sericite-pyrite-alteration. While WTF shares many of the same deposit-and alteration characteristics, it is concealed by tundra in a large, nearly flat area. Surface water at WTF is absent and outcrops are sparse. Even though WTF is roughly the same size as Red Mountain （both around 3 million tonnes） and has similar base- and precious-metal grades, the surficial geochemical manifestation of WTF is minimal. However, exposure through mining of the altered, mineralized rock at WTF potentially could initiate the same processes of pyrite oxidation, acid generation, and mineral dissolution that are observed naturally at RM and SC.  相似文献   

我国煤炭资源开发利用中某些问题的探讨   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

罗景一  牛建英 《中国煤田地质》2006,18(3):6-10

针对我国煤炭资源开发利用中存在的诸如煤炭资源的低效率应用、无序开采、生态环境恶化等问题，指出了我国煤炭资源管理法规中存在的问题，提出了加强煤炭资源开发管理、构建煤炭循环经济体系、加大安全投入、加强煤炭矿区环境的治理和保护、健全有偿使用资源法规制度等对策。  相似文献   

青海南部杂多-治多一带发现早石炭世Eostaffella动物群     

牛志军  段其发  王建雄  白云山  涂兵  卜建军 《地质通报》2006,(2)

在青海省南部治多-杂多一带1:25万区域地质填图中,于杂多群中首次发现筵类化石2属13种(含未定种、比较种).生物群以个体较小的Eostaffella属为主,地质时代为早石炭世大塘期-德坞期,与华南、藏东、塔里木盆地、西秦岭、俄罗斯等地同期生物群可很好地对比,属于低纬度暖水型特提斯生物群.  相似文献   

青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代剥蚀厚度与弹性挠曲模拟   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

李勇  ALDENSMORE  周荣军  MA  ELLIS 《地质学报》2005,79(5):608-615

龙门山是青藏高原东缘边界山脉,具有青藏高原地貌、龙门山高山地貌和山前冲积平原三个一级地貌单元。利用数字高程模式图像和裂变径迹年代测定方法研究和计算龙门山晚新生代剥蚀厚度与剥蚀速率,结果表明:3.6 Ma以来龙门山的剥蚀厚度介于1.91-2.16 km之间,剥蚀速率介于0.53-0.60 mm/a之间。在此基础上,开展了该地区岩石圈的弹性挠曲模拟,结果表明龙门山的隆升机制具有以构造缩短隆升和剥蚀卸载隆升相叠合的特点。3.6 Ma之前,龙门山的隆升与逆冲推覆构造负载有关,以构造缩短驱动的构造隆升为特色;3.6 Ma之后,龙门山的隆升与剥蚀卸载驱动的抬升有关,并以剥蚀卸载隆升为特色,进而提出了龙门山晚新生代以来的隆升机制以剥蚀成山作用为主的认识。  相似文献   

澳大利亚的第三纪及第三纪—第四纪过渡期(英文)     

J.R.DODSON A.RAMRATH 《地学前缘》2002,9(1):62-72

第三纪的板块运动驱动着澳大利亚的气候和植被进行演化。广布的湿润森林区是澳大利亚老第三纪的特征。一直到始新世 ,生物多样性都在不断地提高。毫无疑问 ,这是澳大利亚由高南纬区向北部中纬区运移的结果。从始新世到上新世 ,澳大利亚的气候总体上要比现在湿润 ,但降水量季节性变化的增强推动了中新世以后硬叶植物和旱生植物的发展。上新世晚期似乎与第四纪一样 ,都出现过周期性干旱。这种干旱与冰期条件有关 ,至少由南澳大利亚晚第四纪的记录可以认识到这一点 ,澳大利亚的这段历史与东亚的气候变迁是同步发生的。在东亚 ,印—澳板块的运动致使青藏高原抬升 ,从而引发了区内乃至全球气候的巨变。穿越赤道区的季风和信风的环流格局 ,致使新第三纪和第四纪中国与澳大利亚的气候系统的相关性更强。  相似文献   

地下水数值计算中断层处理的"切割-导通法"   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

牛建立 《煤田地质与勘探》2002,30(5):39-40

从对断层导水性能的分析出发 ,提出了地下水数值计算中断层处理的“切割—导通法” ,既考虑断层侧向导水性 ,又考虑了其垂向导水性 ,更符合断层导水的实际情况 ,也易于描述较大断裂在走向上的导水性差异。  相似文献   

变质核杂岩的定义、类型及构造背景     

G.  A.  Davis  郑亚东 《地质通报》2002,(5)

伸展变质核杂岩(mcc)的基本特征包括:(1)缓倾至中等倾角的具有大规模位移的(几十千米)区域至准区域性延伸的主拆离断层;(2)与断层相关的糜棱片岩和片麻岩下盘(包括可能出露更深层次的非糜棱化结晶岩);(3)上盘上地壳基底岩和/或表壳岩层.关键的一点是,所有变质核杂岩是沿地壳深部(大于10～15 km)大型拆离断层大规模地壳伸展和地壳切除(缺失)的产物.我们认为,地壳剖面无大规模缺失的以基底为核的穹隆状杂岩不是一般构造定义上公认的变质核杂岩.变质核杂岩形成于同缩短期和缩短期后的多种构造环境中.由于前期或同期的缩短作用,变质核杂岩似乎都发育在地壳强烈增厚的区域.绝大多数(但显然并非全部)变质核杂岩都与岩浆作用有密切的时空关系.变质核杂岩起控制作用的拆离断层一般生根于中地壳或直接位于石英变为晶质塑性的韧脆性转化带下的深处,但有些拆离断层切穿大部或整个地壳.大多数变质核杂岩总体上具有不对称或简单剪切的构造几何特征,但有些变质核杂岩呈现较为对称的边界拆离断层.  相似文献   

地下水数值计算中断层处理的“切割一导通法”     

牛建立 《煤田地质与勘探》2002,30(5):39-40

从对断层导水性能的分析出发，提出了地下水数值计算中断层处理的“切割－导通法”，既考虑断层侧向导水性，又考虑了其垂直向导水性，更符合断层导水的实际情况，也易于描述较大断裂在走向上的导水性差异。  相似文献