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Suess(1891)所确定的东非裂谷系由东裂谷(埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚)和西裂谷(乌平达西部、坦桑尼亚西部、扎伊尔东部和马拉威)组成。东裂谷的形成在埃塞俄比亚始于晚始新世、在肯尼亚中部始于中新世、而在肯尼亚东部和坦桑尼亚北部则始于晚中新世至上新世。西裂谷比东裂谷年青,其形成均晚于中新世,并且,西裂谷的地壳拉张程度及伴随的火山活动均较强。一条活化的大陆韧性剪切带(转换断层)将西裂谷不连续的北部边界连接起来,并向东南一直到东裂谷;另一条韧性剪切带沿Rukwa裂谷以左旋方式取代了西裂谷。凹裂谷地堑不如东裂谷发育,表现在宽度上仅约50km(cf.70km),并缺乏内部地堑。尽管东非裂谷系是一个连续的整体,但仍可鉴别出四个主要火山岩套,其划分基于 相似文献
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纳豆菌(Bacillus natto)发酵后的条斑紫菜经稀释、离心后上清液用一定浓度的乙醇处理获得醇沉物和醇溶液。将醇沉物去蛋白得到粗多糖,进行抗氧化活性的研究;将醇溶液旋转蒸发得到浸膏,将浸膏按极性大小分相萃取分别得到石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相浸膏,探讨分相浸膏对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、四联微球菌的抑菌效果。通过测定多糖和分相浸膏对羟自由基(·OH)和DPPH自由基的清除能力评价其抗氧化能力。结果表明:醇溶物对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制作用,且随着浓度的升高各相浸膏对羟基自由基的清除率随之升高,其中,正丁醇相浸膏在质量浓度为0.5 mg/m L时对羟自由基的清除率达到91.6%,说明条斑紫菜经纳豆菌发酵可能产生了活性化合物;与对照组相比,利用纳豆菌发酵紫菜发酵物中多糖提取率增加了0.24%,发酵得到的多糖在质量浓度为5.0 mg/m L时对羟自由基的清除率达到了95.7%。 相似文献
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The objective of this study was to determine the potential for dietary transfer of sediment-associated fluoranthene from tubificid oligochaetes (Monopylephorus rubroniveus) to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). Grass shrimp, either in the presence or absence of sublethal waterborne concentrations of the metabolic inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), were fed fluoranthene-dosed oligochaetes for 5-days. All grass shrimp bioaccumulated fluoranthene; however, bioaccumulation was 3X higher in the presence of PBO. Trophic transfer coefficients (TTCs) were 0.02 and 0.01 in the presence and absence of PBO, respectively. Following the 5-day accumulation period, shrimp in both treatments were allowed to depurate for 3 days. Depuration rates were significantly higher in PBO-exposed shrimp. These results demonstrated that sediment-associated fluoranthene can be transferred through the diet from oligochaetes to grass shrimp, and the presence of PBO enhanced fluoranthene bioaccumulation. However, the comparatively low TTCs suggest that biomagnification of fluoranthene in estuarine food webs is low. 相似文献
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The paper reviews a number of challenges associated with reducing degradation and its related emissions through national approaches
to REDD+ under UNFCCC policy. It proposes that in many countries, it may in the short run be easier to deal with the kinds
of degradation that result from locally driven community over-exploitation of forest for livelihoods, than from selective
logging or fire control. Such degradation is low-level, but chronic, and is experienced over very large forest areas. Community
forest management programmes tend to result not only in reduced degradation, but also in forest enhancement; moreover they
are often popular, and do not require major political shifts. In principle these approaches therefore offer a quick start
option for REDD+. Developing reference emissions levels for low-level locally driven degradation is difficult however given
that stock losses and gains are too small to be identified and measured using remote sensing, and that in most countries there
is little or no forest inventory data available. We therefore propose that forest management initiatives at the local level,
such as those promoted by community forest management programmes, should monitor, and be credited for, only the net increase
in carbon stock over the implementation period, as assessed by ground level surveys at the start and end of the period. This
would also resolve the problem of nesting (ensuring that all credits are accounted for against the national reference emission
level), since communities and others at the local level would be rewarded only for increased sequestration, while the national
reference emission level would deal only with reductions in emissions from deforestation and degradation. 相似文献
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This study analyzed the foraging behavior of the gastropod Nassarius pullus on garbage-impacted sandy shores of Talim Bay, Batangas, Philippines. The effect of different levels of plastic garbage cover on foraging efficiency was investigated. Controlled in situ baiting experiments were conducted to quantify aspects of foraging behavior as affected by the levels of plastic litter cover in the foraging area. The results of the study indicated that the gastropod’s efficiency in locating and in moving towards a food item generally decreased as the level of plastic cover increased. Prolonged food searching time and increased self-burial in sand were highly correlated with increased plastic cover. The accuracy of orientation towards the actual position of the bait decreased significantly when the amount of plastic cover increased to 50%. These results are consistent with the significant decreases in the abundance of the gastropod observed during periods of deposition of large amounts of plastic and other debris on the shore. 相似文献