Sedimentology,palaeoenvironments and biostratigraphy of the Pliocene–Pleistocene carbonate platform of Grande‐Terre (Guadeloupe,Lesser Antilles forearc)     

JEAN‐JACQUES CORNÉE  JEAN‐LÈN LÉTICÉE  PHILIPPE MÜNCH  FRÉDÉRIC QUILLÉVÉRÉ  JEAN‐FRÉDÉRIC LEBRUN  PIERRE MOISSETTE  JUAN‐CARLOS BRAGA  MIHAELA MELINTE‐DOBRINESCU  LYVANE DE MIN  JULIEN OUDET  AURAN RANDRIANASOLO 《Sedimentology》2012,59(5):1426-1451

Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits from Grande‐Terre (Guadeloupe archipelago, French Lesser Antilles) provide a remarkable example of an isolated carbonate system built in an active margin setting, with sedimentation controlled by both rapid sea‐level changes and tectonic movements. Based on new field, sedimentological and palaeontological analyses, these deposits have been organized into four sedimentary sequences (S1 to S4) separated by three subaerial erosion surfaces (SB0, SB1 and SB2). Sequences S1 and S2 (‘Calcaires inférieurs à rhodolithes’) deposited during the Late Zanclean to Early Gelasian (planktonic foraminiferal Zones PL2 to PL5) in low subsidence conditions, on a distally steepened ramp dipping eastward. Red algal‐rich deposits, which dominate the western part of Grande‐Terre, change to planktonic foraminifer‐rich deposits eastward. Vertical movements of tens of metres were responsible for the formation of SB0 and SB1. Sequence S3 (‘Formation volcano‐sédimentaire’, ‘Calcaires supérieurs à rhodolithes’ and ‘Calcaires à Agaricia’) was deposited during the Late Piacenzian to Early Calabrian (Zones PL5 to PT1a) on a distally steepened, red algal‐dominated ramp that changes upward into a homoclinal, coral‐dominated ramp. Deposition of Sequence S3 occurred during a eustatic cycle in quiet tectonic conditions. Its uppermost boundary, the major erosion surface SB2, is related to the Cala1 eustatic sea‐level fall. Finally, Sequence S4 (‘Calcaires à Acropora’) probably formed during the Calabrian, developing as a coral‐dominated platform during a eustatic cycle in quiet tectonic conditions. The final emergence of the island could then have occurred in Late Calabrian times.  相似文献   

Seismic evidence of up to 200 m lake‐level change in Southern Patagonia since Marine Isotope Stage 4     

ANDREA CATALINA GEBHARDT  CHRISTIAN OHLENDORF  FRANK NIESSEN  MARC DE BATIST  FLAVIO S. ANSELMETTI  DANIEL ARIZTEGUI  PIERRE KLIEM  STEFAN WASTEGÅRD  BERND ZOLITSCHKA 《Sedimentology》2012,59(3):1087-1100

Maar lake Laguna Potrok Aike is located north of the Strait of Magellan (south‐eastern Patagonia). Seismic reflection profiles revealed a highly dynamic palaeoclimate history. Dunes were identified in the eastern part of the lake at approximately 30 to 80 m below the lake floor, overlying older lacustrine strata, and suggest that the region experienced dry conditions probably combined with strong westerly winds. It is quite likely that this can be linked to a major dust event recorded in the Antarctic ice cores during Marine Isotope Stage 4. The dunes are overlain by a series of palaeo‐shorelines indicating a stepwise water‐level evolution of a new lake established after this dry period, and thus a change towards wetter conditions. After the initial, rapid and stepwise lake‐level rise, the basin became deeper and wider, and sediments deposited on the lake shoulder at approximately 33 m below present‐day lake level point towards a long period of lake‐level highstand between roughly 53·5 ka cal. bp and 30 ka cal. bp with a maximum lake level some 200 m higher than the desiccation horizon. This highstand was then followed by a regressional phase of uncertain age, although it must have happened some time between approximately 30 ka cal. bp and 6750 yrs cal. bp . Dryer conditions during the Mid‐Holocene are evidenced by a dropping lake level, resulting in a basin‐wide erosional unconformity on the lake shoulder. A second stepwise transgression between ca 5·8 to 5·4 ka cal. bp and ca 4·7 to 4 ka cal. bp with palaeo‐shorelines deposited on the lake shoulder unconformity again indicates a change towards wetter conditions.  相似文献   

SUSPENDED SEDIMENT DYNAMICS IN THE MORTERATSCH PRO‐GLACIAL ZONE,BERNINA ALPS,SWITZERLAND     

TIM STOTT  ANNE‐MARIE NUTTALL  NICK EDEN  KATIE SMITH  DARREN MAXWELL 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2008,90(4):299-313

Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the Ova da Morteratsch, Switzerland, measured during July 2007 was closely associated with discharge (Q) and showed statistically significant relationships at the p < 0.001 level at the proximal and distal ends of the 600 m pro‐glacial zone. SSC predicted from 10‐minute turbidity records gives a much more detailed insight into SSC fluctuations and identified SSC peaks which do not coincide with discharge peaks. Net (proximal – distal) 10‐minute suspended sediment loads (SSL) are predominantly positive (i.e. suspended sediment is being stored in the reach) for most of the 7–19 July 2007 record. Net (proximal – distal) SSLs correlate closely with discharge for the first part of the record (7–13 July) but from 14 to 19 July suspended sediment exhaustion is in evidence and discrete phases of negative net SSL (i.e. sediment flushing) are likely for up to six hours on three separate days which coincide with phases of high discharge and exhaustion of the glacial suspended sediment sources. Analysis of Q at the Berninabach–Pontresina gauging station (5 km downstream) for the past five years revealed that maximum monthly discharges capable of generating sediment flushing events occur in an average of four months each year. The study emphasises the rapid change in suspended sediment transport and yields with distance from the glacier snout and highlights the importance of measurements as close to the glacier snout as possible if data are to be representative of the glaciated land up‐valley. A better understanding of the processes of sediment exchange and the colonisation and stabilisation of sediment stores by vegetation in such pro‐glacial zones is essential if we are to improve predictions of the impacts of climate change on river sediment dynamics and the subsequent effects on aquatic ecology.  相似文献   

GEOGRAPHIES OF THE HOLOCAUST     

WAITMAN BEORN  TIM COLE  SIMONE GIGLIOTTI  ALBERTO GIORDANO  ANNA HOLIAN  PAUL B. JASKOT  ANNE KELLY KNOWLES  MARC MASUROVSKY  ERIK B. STEINER 《Geographical review》2009,99(4):563-574

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Optical dating of relict sand wedges and composite-wedge pseudomorphs in Flanders, Belgium     

JAN-PIETER BUYLAERT  GUNTHER GHYSELS  REW S. MURRAY  KRISTINA J. THOMSEN  DIMITRI VANDENBERGHE  FRANS DE CORTE  IRENÉE HEYSE  PETER VAN DEN HAUTE 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2009,38(1):160-175

We report on quartz Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of the infill of 14 relict sand wedges and composite-wedge pseudomorphs at 5 different sites in Flanders, Belgium. A laboratory dose recovery test indicates that the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) procedure is suitable for our samples (measured to a given dose ratio 0.980 ± 0.005; n =139). Completeness of resetting of the wedge infill of two samples was confirmed by single-grain analyses. The suite of optical ages indicates that repeated thermal contraction cracking, degradation and infilling with wind-blown sediment appear to have been commonplace in Flanders during the Late Pleniglacial (Oxygen Isotope Stage 2; OIS2); more specifically, around the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼21 kyr ago) and the transition period between the LGM and the start of the Lateglacial (∼15 kyr ago). Optical dating at one site has revealed two significantly older wedge levels, the younger inset into the older; the younger wedge has an age of 36 ± 4 kyr (Middle Pleniglacial; OIS3), the older wedge 129 ± 11 kyr, which points to formation during the Late Saalian (OIS6). Our OSL ages of the wedges and host sediments bracket formation of the BGB (Beuningen Gravel Bed: a widespread deflation horizon in northwestern Europe) at between ∼15 and 18 kyr; this is in good agreement with previous OSL dating studies. We conclude that optical dating using quartz SAR OSL establishes an absolute chronology for these periglacial phenomena and allows secure palaeoenvironmental reconstructions to be made.  相似文献   

Overbank sedimentation rates in former channel lakes: characterization and control factors     

ANNE CITTERIO  HERVE PIÉGAY† 《Sedimentology》2009,56(2):461-482

Overbank sedimentation rates were studied in former channels of three rivers in south-eastern France. Depth and spatial distribution of sediment, as well as geometry, hydrological connectivity and age of 39 lakes, were both measured and calculated. The mean sedimentation rate of lakes varied between 0 and 2·57 cm year⁻¹. Sedimentation rates are linked to water depth and often undergo a decreasing gradient from the downstream outlet to the inner part of the lake. Multiple regression modelling demonstrates that sediment depth is essentially a function of overbank flow frequency. The greater the difference between upstream and downstream overbank flow frequency, the faster the sedimentation rate. These differences in sedimentation rates also correspond to different former channel geometry: the rates are slower in narrow and straight channels (former braided, and point-bar backwater channels), and faster in large and sinuous channels (exhibiting meanders, anastomosing channels and coves). The suspended sediment flux is variable from one reach to another, the middle reach of the Rhône conveying more sediment than the upper reaches, the Doubs or the Ain reaches. The suspended sediment flux does not explain a statistical difference in lake sedimentation rates between the reaches, which also provide clear evidence of the importance of local connectivity controls. Sedimentation patterns were also complicated by temporal changes in lake connectivity associated with geomorphological or anthropogenic changes operating within the main channel.  相似文献   

Environmental history of southern Patagonia unravelled by the seismic stratigraphy of Laguna Potrok Aike     

FLAVIO S. ANSELMETTI  DANIEL ARIZTEGUI†  MARC DE BATIST‡  A. CATALINA GEBHARDT§  TORSTEN HABERZETTL¶  FRANK NIESSEN§  CHRISTIAN OHLENDORF  BERND ZOLITSCHKA 《Sedimentology》2009,56(4):873-892

Laguna Potrok Aike, located in southernmost Patagonia (Argentina, 52°S) is a 100 m deep hydrologically closed lake that probably provides the only continental southern Patagonian archive covering a long and continuous interval of several glacial to interglacial cycles. In the context of the planned ‘International Continental Scientific Drilling Program’ initiative ‘Potrok Aike Maar Lake Sediment Archive Drilling Project’, several seismic site surveys that characterize in detail the sedimentary subsurface of the lake have been undertaken. Long sediment cores recovered the material to date and calibrate these seismic data. Laguna Potrok Aike is rimmed steeply, circular in shape with a diameter of ∼3·5 km and is surrounded by a series of subaerial palaeoshorelines, reflecting varying lake-level highstands and lowstands. Seismic data indicate a basinwide erosional unconformity that occurs consistently on the shoulder of the lake down to a depth of −33 m (below 2003 ad lake level), marking the lowest lake level during Late Glacial to Holocene times. Cores that penetrate this unconformity comprise Marine Isotope Stage 3-dated sediments (45 kyr bp ) ∼3·5 m below, and post-6800 cal yr bp transgressional sediments above the unconformity. This Middle Holocene transgression following an unprecedented lake-level lowstand marks the onset of a stepwise change in moisture, as shown by a series of up to 11 buried palaeoshorelines that were formed during lake-level stillstands at depths between −30 and −12 m. Two series of regressive shorelines between ∼5800 to 5400 and ∼4700 to 4000 cal yr bp interrupt the overall transgressional trend. In the basin, mound-like drift sediments occur after ∼6000 cal yr bp, documenting the onset of lake currents triggered by a latitudinal shift or an increase in wind intensity of the Southern Hemispheric Westerlies over Laguna Potrok Aike at that time. Furthermore, several well-defined lateral slides can be recognized. The majority of these slides occurred during the mid-Holocene lake-level lowering when the slopes became rapidly sediment-charged because of erosion from the exposed shoulder sediments. Around 7800 and 4900 cal yr bp , several slides went down simultaneously, probably triggered by seismic shaking.  相似文献   

排水粉喷桩加固软土地基桩周土体强度变化规律          下载免费PDF全文

杜广印  刘松玉 《水文地质工程地质》2010,37(3):87-91

排水粉喷桩(2D工法)是同时采用粉喷桩和塑料排水板加固软土地基的一种新工法。在某高速公路中进行了排水粉喷桩加固软土地基的现场试验段施工,分别采用静力触探试验、十字板剪切试验等方法测定加固前及其加固后不同龄期的粉喷桩桩周土强度,得到了施工后桩间土强度变化的规律。测试结果表明采用粉喷桩联合排水板法加固后,桩周土强度有一个先降低后提高的过程,28天龄期时恢复到原状土强度,随着龄期的增长桩周土强度可以进一步增加。最后对桩周土强度的变化机理进行了初步探讨。  相似文献   

INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER QUALITY AND GROUNDWATER FLOW DYNAMICS IN A SMALL WETLAND SYSTEM ALONG A SANDY HILL RIDGE     

H. DE MARS  A. C. GARRITSEN 《水文研究》1997,11(4):335-351

Detailed modelling of the hydrological setting of fen meadows appears to be possible provided that detailed information on geomorphology, hydrochemistry and piezometric heads is available for a number of years. In the Laegieskamp, a small wetland reserve located in the central part of The Netherlands, a piezometric monitoring network was sampled for water quality analysis and piezometric heads between 1986 and 1992. Average yearly discharge and recharge periods were used for FLOWNET calculations. First, the models were used to determine, with the help of information on water quality, the hydrological systems in the study area. Secondly, they were used to define the present and past hydrological setting of a fen meadow in the reserve. The hydrological systems and water quality in the study area have changed considerably over the past 65 years. At present the fen meadow is mainly fed by precipitation. The mineral-rich conditions favouring the fen meadow vegetation are thought to be maintained thanks to a clayey peat layer and an oscillating shallow water body that prevents rapid leaching of minerals. The sulphate content in the fen exhibits a pattern of temporal variation, which is related to the severity of the annual drought. Our study showed that groundwater flow is mainly lateral, instead of the assumed vertical infiltration of groundwater in previous regional studies. This led us to the conclusion that conservation and restoration perspectives are much better than previously expected. The polluted middle, deep groundwater is not a major threat to this fen at the moment. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

SURFACE ROUGHNESS EVOLUTION OF SOILS CONTAINING ROCK FRAGMENTS     

BAS VAN WESEMAEL  JEAN POESEN  TOMS DE FIGUEIREDO  GERARD GOVERS 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1996,21(5):399-411

Soil surface roughness is a dynamic property which determines, to a large extent, erosion and infiltration rates. Although soils containing rock fragments are widespread in the Mediterranean region, the effect of the latter on surface roughness evolution is yet poorly understood. Therefore, laboratory experiments were conducted in order to investigate the effect of rock fragment content, rock fragment size and initial moisture content of the fine earth on the evolution of interrill surface roughness during simulated rainfall. Surface elevations of simulated plough layers along transects of 50 cm length were measured before and after simulated rainfall (totalling 192.5 mm, I = 70 mm h⁻¹) with a laser microreliefmeter. The results were used to investigate whether systematic variations in interrill surface roughness along stony hillslopes in southeastern Spain could be attributed to rock fragment cover and rock fragment size. Soil surface elevations were measured along the contour lines (50 cm long transects) with a contact microreliefmeter. Roughness was expressed by two parameters related to the height and frequency of roughness elements, respectively: standard deviation of de-trended surface elevations (random roughness: RR), and correlation length (L) derived from exponential fits of the autocorrelation functions. The frequently used assumption that surface roughness (RR) of cultivated topsoils decreases exponentially with cumulative rain is not valid for soil surfaces covered by rock fragments. The RR of soils containing small rock fragments (1.7–2.7 cm) increased with cumulative rainfall after an initial decrease during the first 17.5 mm of rainfall. For soils containing large rock fragments (7.7 cm), RR increased with rainfall above a threshold rock fragment content by mass of 52 per cent. For a given rainfall application, RR increased non-linearly with rock fragment content. The correlation length for soils containing small rock fragments decreases with rock fragment content and is significantly lower than for soils with large rock fragments. Soils covered with small rock fragments (large RR and small L) are thus well protected against raindrop impact by a water film in the depressions between the rock fragments. On abandoned agricultural fields along hillslopes in southeastern Spain, rock fragments cover increases non-linearly with slope owing to selective erosion of finer particles on steep slopes. The increase of surface cover by large rock fragments (>25 mm) is even more pronounced. The simultaneous increase of rock fragment cover and rock fragment size with slope explains the non-linear increase of RR with slope. These relationships differ for soils covered by platy misaschists and those covered with cubic andesites. The variations in correlation length along the hillslopes are not clear, probably owing to a simultaneous increase in rock fragment cover and rock fragment size. These findings may provide a better prediction of soil surface roughness of interrill areas covered by rock fragments using slope angle and lithology.  相似文献