Experimental constraints on degassing and permeability in volcanic conduit flow     

Alain?BurgisserEmail author  James?E.?Gardner 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2004,67(1):42-56

This study assesses the effect of decompression rate on two processes that directly influence the behavior of volcanic eruptions: degassing and permeability in magmas. We studied the degassing of magma with experiments on hydrated natural rhyolitic glass at high pressure and temperature. From the data collected, we defined and characterized one degassing regime in equilibrium and two regimes in disequilibrium. Equilibrium bubble growth occurs when the decompression rate is slower than 0.1 MPa s^–1, while higher rates cause porosity to deviate rapidly from equilibrium, defining the first disequilibrium regime of degassing. If the deviation is large enough, a critical threshold of super-saturation is reached and bubble growth accelerates, defining the second disequilibrium regime. We studied permeability and bubble coalescence in magma with experiments using the same rhyolitic melt in open degassing conditions. Under these open conditions, we observed that bubbles start to coalesce at ~43 vol% porosity, regardless of decompression rate. Coalescence profoundly affects bubble texture and size distributions, and induces the melt to become permeable. We determined coalescence to occur on a time scale (~180 s) independent of decompression rate. We parameterized and incorporated our experimental results into a 1D conduit flow model to explore the implications of our findings on eruptive behavior of rhyolitic melts with low crystal contents stored in the upper crust. Compared to previous models that assume equilibrium degassing of the melt during ascent, the introduction of disequilibrium degassing reduces the deviation from lithostatic pressure by ~25%, the acceleration at high porosities (>50 vol%) by a factor 5, and the associated decompression rate by an order of magnitude. The integration of the time scale of coalescence to the model shows that the transition between explosive and effusive eruptive regimes is sensitive to small variations of the initial magma ascent speed, and that flow conditions near fragmentation may significantly be affected by bubble coalescence and gas escape.Editorial responsibility: D. Dingwell  相似文献   

Numerical modelling of caldera dynamical behaviour     

Jean Chery  Alain Bonneville  Jean Pierre Vilotte  Dave Yuen 《Geophysical Journal International》1991,105(2):365-379

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A constitutive model for the dynamic and high‐pressure behaviour of a propellant‐like material: Part II: Model development and applications     

Harv Trumel  Andr Dragon  Alain Fanget  Philippe Lambert 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2001,25(6):581-603

This paper presents the second part of a work that aims at developing a mechanical model for the behaviour of propellant‐like materials under high confining pressure and strain rate. The model is to be employed to determine the temperature rise due to mechanical dissipation during a dynamic penetration event. Using the kinematical and thermodynamic background derived in the first part, a viscoelastic–viscoplastic–compaction model is put forward and identified. Viscoelasticity and compaction refer to the elastomeric nature of the material, while viscoplasticity, including implicit damage through dilatancy, reflects its granular nature. Some numerical exercises are performed, in view of determining the major model forces and weaknesses, and of assessing the numerical algorithm robustness. A penetration event is preliminarily simulated, and a temperature rise field predicted. Necessary model improvements are finally discussed, together with several ways of research for a longer term approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The response of a three-dimensional magnetic and conductive body in shallow depth electromagnetic prospecting   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Alain Tabbagh 《Geophysical Journal International》1985,81(1):215-230

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Contamination by heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Hg) of eight fish species in the Gironde estuary (France)     

Gilles Durrieu  Régine Maury-Brachet  Michel Girardin  Eric Rochard  Alain Boudou 《Estuaries and Coasts》2005,28(4):581-591

The Gironde estuary, one of the largest in Europe, is considerated as a reference ecological system, with all the western European diadromous fish species present. The national biomonitoring program on the coastal marine environment has revealed since 1979 severe metal pollution (mostly cadmium [Cd]) in oysters collected from the estuary. No data are available on metal contamination levels in fish, despite their ecological and economic importance. We present the results from a detailed study based on 4 metals (Cd, zinc [Zn], copper [Cu], and mercury [Hg]) measured in 4 organs (gills, dorsal skeletal muscle, liver, and kidneys) from 8 fish species illustrating several ecological combinations: European eel (Anguilla anguilla), twaite shad (Alosa fallax), bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), meagre (Argyrosomus regius), flounder (Platichthys flesus),, thin-lippid grey mullet (Liza ramada), sole (Solea vulgaris), and Canary drum (Umbrina canariensis). The results show very marked differences between species and organs, as well as very significant variations between the 4 metals. Although metal concentrations measured in fish muscle are low, except in the case of Hg for theA. fallax, high levels of Cu and Cd were observed in the kidneys and livers ofL. ramada andA. anguilla. A multifactorial analysis based on rank ordered metal concentrations for the 8 fish species clearly shows 4 clusters of species assigned to the different degrees of metal contamination, from the lowest contaminated (A. regius, D. labrax, S. vulgaris, andU. canariensis), to the most contaminated group (L. ramada). The most contaminated species (L. ramada, A. angailla, andP. flesus) are characterized by long residence times in the estuary, between 3.5 and 14 yr. ForL. ramada, biofilms with high metal storage capacities would be the principal uptake route; the two other species are benthic with a carnivorous regime. Comparisons between our data and four estuaries (Seine, France; Mersey, U.K.; La Plata, Argentina; Guadalquivir, Spain), on a limited number of common species, metals and fish organs, clearly reveal higher Cd bioaccumulation levels in the Gironde estuary.  相似文献   

The effect of phytostabilization on Zn speciation in a dredged contaminated sediment using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, EXAFS spectroscopy, and principal components analysis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Frédéric Panfili  Alain Manceau  Géraldine Sarret  Tatiana Kirpichtchikova  Agnès Laboudigue  Noureddine Ahamdach 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(9):2265-2284

The maintenance of waterways generates large amounts of dredged sediments, which are deposited on adjacent land surfaces. These sediments are often rich in metal contaminants and present a risk to the local environment. Understanding how the metals are immobilized at the molecular level is critical for formulating effective metal containment strategies such as phytoremediation. In the present work, the mineralogical transformations of Zn-containing phases induced by two graminaceous plants (Agrostis tenuis and Festuca rubra) in a contaminated sediment ([Zn] = 4700 mg kg⁻¹, [P₂O₅] = 7000 mg kg⁻¹, pH = 7.8), untreated or amended with hydroxylapatite (AP) or Thomas basic slag (TS), were investigated after two yr of pot experiment by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), synchrotron-based X-ray microfluorescence (μ-SXRF), and powder and laterally resolved extended X-ray absorption fine structure (μ-EXAFS) spectroscopy. The number and nature of Zn species were evaluated by principal component (PCA) and least-squares fitting (LSF) analysis of the entire set of μ-EXAFS spectra, which included up to 32 individual spectra from regions of interest varying in chemical composition. Seven Zn species were identified at the micrometer scale: sphalerite, gahnite, franklinite, Zn-containing ferrihydrite and phosphate, (Zn-Al)-hydrotalcite, and Zn-substituted kerolite-like trioctahedral phyllosilicate. Bulk fractions of each species were quantified by LSF of the powder EXAFS spectra to linear combinations of the identified Zn species spectra.In the untreated and unvegetated sediment, Zn was distributed as ∼50% (mole ratio of total Zn) sphalerite, ∼40% Zn-ferrihydrite, and ∼10 to 20% (Zn-Al)-hydrotalcite plus Zn-phyllosilicate. In unvegetated but amended sediments (AP and TS), ZnS and Zn-ferrihydrite each decreased by 10 to 20% and were replaced by Zn-phosphate (∼30∼40%). In the presence of plants, ZnS was almost completely dissolved, and the released Zn bound to phosphate (∼40-60%) and to Zn phyllosilicate plus (Zn,Al)-hydrotalcite (∼20-40%). Neither the plant species nor the coaddition of mineral amendment affected the Zn speciation in the vegetated sediment. The sediment pore waters were supersaturated with respect to Zn-containing trioctahedral phyllosilicate, near saturation with respect to Zn-phosphate, and strongly undersaturated with respect to (Zn,Al)-hydrotalcite. Therefore, the formation of (Zn,Al)-hydrotalcite in slightly alkaline conditions ought to result from heterogeneous precipitation on mineral surface.  相似文献   

The Northwestern (Maghreb) boundary of the Nubia (Africa) Plate   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Alain Mauffret   《Tectonophysics》2007,429(1-2):21-44

A study of the present compressional deformation of the Northwestern (Maghreb) Nubia (Africa) margin is derived from the analysis of more than 20,000 km of seismic profiles. In the western part the compression is distributed in a large zone with on-land compression in Algeria, mainly strike-slip deformation on the Algerian margin and folds and strike-slip faulting in Eastern Spain. In the middle of the Algerian margin, around Algiers, the evidences of compression become more obvious. In this area a ridge trending N–S that is interpreted as a middle to late Miocene spreading center interacted with the transpressional margin that trends E–W. North of the location of the Boumerdes–Zemmouri earthquake the oceanic crust is deformed by blind thrusts up to 60 km from the coast. These thrusts are south dipping and with the northward dipping thrusts located onshore form a wedge that maybe a positive flower structure at a crustal scale related to the right-lateral transpression of the margin. In the eastern part of the Northwestern (Maghreb) Nubia (Africa) Deformed Belt, off eastern Algeria and Tunisia, the deformation is more intense but limited to the north by the continental slope. Large late Miocene Tortonian folds are cut by the Messinian erosional surface but the present deformation is also evident. It is suggested that the deformation with a double vergence may be followed up to the north of Sicily. After the docking (18 Ma) of the Kabylies to the Africa Plate, the crust has been thinned and the Algerian Basin opened during the middle-late Miocene with an E–W direction. From the late Miocene to the Present the margin has been rethickened by transpression and uplifted.  相似文献   

Comparative analysis between analytical approximations and numerical solutions describing recession flow in unconfined hillslope aquifers     

David Rocha  Jan Feyen  Alain Dassargues 《Hydrogeology Journal》2007,15(6):1077-1091

Recession flow of aquifers from a hillslope can be described by the non-linear Boussinesq equation. Under strong assumptions and for specific conceptual formulations, different authors derived analytical approximations or linearized versions to this partial differential equation. A comparative analysis between some analytical approximations of the Boussinesq equation and the numerical solution of the recession flow of an unconfined homogeneous aquifer (horizontal, inclined and concave aquifer floor) was carried out. The objective was to define the range where the analytical solutions approximate the numerical solution. The latter was considered in this study as the reference method, because it requires fewer assumptions. From the considered analytical approximations, exponential decay relationships were found to be mainly valid for fine domain materials when horizontal, mild slopes (less than 2%) and concave aquifer floors were considered, but failed to reproduce coarse aquifer numerical model outflows, in contrast to the quadratic decay relationship, which better reproduce outflows in such domains. On the basis of the comparative analysis, it has been found that recession flows obtained with the considered analytical approximations yield similar values only for certain ranges of aquifer properties and geometries.

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Résumé L’écoulement de décrue dans les aquifères de versant peut être décrit par l’équation non-linéaire de Boussinesq. En considérant d’importantes hypothèses et des formulations conceptuelles spécifiques, différents auteurs ont dérivé des approximations analytiques ou des versions linéarisées de cette équation partielle différentielle. Une analyse comparative entre des approximations analytiques de l’équation de Boussinesq et une solution numérique de la décrue d’un aquifère homogène libre (limite inférieure de l’aquifère horizontale, inclinée et concave) a été effectuée. L’objectif était de définir la plage pour laquelle les solutions analytiques approchent la solution numérique. Cette dernière a été considérée dans cette étude comme la méthode de référence car elle demande moins d’hypothèses. Parmi les approximations analytiques considérées, les relations de décroissance exponentielle se sont avérées être principalement valides pour des matériaux fins lorsque des couches aquifères horizontales, concaves et de pentes douces (moins de 2%) étaient considérées; en revanche, celles-ci n’ont pas réussi à reproduire les écoulements sortants d’un modèle numérique pour un aquifère à matériaux grossiers, contrairement à la relation de décroissance quadratique qui reproduit mieux les écoulements sortants dans de tels milieux. Sur la base de l’analyse comparative, il s’est avéré que les écoulements en décrue obtenus avec les approximations analytiques considérées présentent des valeurs similaires seulement pour certains critères géométriques et propriétés de l’aquifère.

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Resumen Puede describirse el flujo de recesión de acuíferos de una ladera mediante la ecuación no-lineal de Boussinesq. Bajo fuertes supuestos y para formulaciones conceptuales específicas, distintos autores han derivado aproximaciones analíticas o versiones lineales para esta ecuación parcial diferencial. Se realizó un análisis comparativo entre algunas aproximaciones analíticas de la ecuación de Boussinesq y la solución numérica del flujo de recesión de un acuífero homogéneo no confinado (piso de acuífero cóncavo, inclinado, y horizontal). El objetivo consistió en definir el rango donde las soluciones analíticas aproximan la solución numérica. En este estudio se consideró la solución numérica como el método de referencia debido a que requiere menores supuestos. De las aproximaciones analíticas consideradas se encontró que las relaciones de desintegración exponencial eran principalmente válidas para materiales de ámbitos finos donde se consideraron pisos de acuíferos horizontal, pendientes medianas (menores a 2%) y cóncavos pero fallaron en reproducir flujos de salida de modelos numéricos de ámbito grueso, en contraste con la relación de desintegración cuadrática la cual reproduce mejor los flujos de salida en tales ámbitos. En base al análisis comparativo se encontró que los flujos de recesión obtenidos con las aproximaciones analíticas consideradas aportaron valores similares solo para ciertos rangos de propiedades y geometrías de acuíferos.

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Evidence for the nucleation and epitaxial growth of Zn phyllosilicate on montmorillonite     

Michel L. Schlegel  Alain Manceau 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(4):901-917

Zinc uptake in suspensions (?3.7 g L⁻¹) of MX80 montmorillonite was investigated at pH 4.0 and 7.3, a total Zn concentration ([Zn]_total) of 500 μM, and dissolved Si concentrations ([Si]_aq) of ∼70 and ∼500 μM in 0.5 M NaCl, by kinetics experiments and polarized extended X-ray absorption fine structure (P-EXAFS) spectroscopy. Differential thermogravimetric analysis verified the cis-vacant character of the montmorillonite. No Zn uptake occurred at pH 4.0, confirming that cation exchange was hampered by the high ionic strength of the suspension. At pH 7.3 and low [Si]_aq (∼70 μM), Zn uptake occurred rapidly during the first hour of reaction, and then leveled off to 50 μmol/g montmorillonite at 168 h. The uptake rate is consistent with Zn sorption on pH-dependent edge sites. At pH 7.3 and high [Si]_aq (∼500 μM), the initial sorption rate was similar, but Zn sorption continued, reaching 130 μmol/g at 168 h, and was paralleled by Si uptake with a Si/Zn uptake ratio of 1.51(10), suggesting formation of a Zn (hydrous) silicate. P-EXAFS data indicated that the first oxygen coordination shell of sorbed Zn is split into two subshells at 1.97(2) and 2.08(3)-2.12(2) Å for all EXAFS samples. These two distances are assigned to a mixture of tetrahedral (^IVZn) and octahedral (^VIZn) Zn complexes. The proportion of ^IVZn was lower in the high [Si]_aq samples and decreased with reaction time. Al low [Si]_aq and 216 h of reaction, nearest cationic shells of 0.6(4) Al in the film plane and 0.5(4) Si out of the film plane were detected at 3.00(2) and 3.21(2) Å, respectively, and were interpreted as the formation of ^IVZn and ^VIZn mononuclear complexes at the edges of montmorillonite platelets, in structural continuity to the (Al, Mg) octahedral sheets. At high [Si]_aq, in-plane Zn and Al and out-of-plane Si neighbors were detected at 4 h, indicating the formation of Zn phyllosilicate nuclei at the layer edges. At 313 h, Zn-Al pairs were no longer detected, and Zn atoms were surrounded on average by 3.4(5) in-plane Zn at 3.10(1) Å and 1.7(9) out-of-plane Si at 3.30(2) Å, supporting the precipitation of a Zn phyllosilicate. Thus, dioctahedral Al phyllosilicate may act as a nucleating surface for the heterogeneous formation of trioctahedral Zn phyllosilicate at [Si]_aq relevant to natural systems.  相似文献   

Liquefied vs stratified sediment mobilization processes: Insight from the South of the Barbados accretionary prism   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

Eric Deville  Sophie-Hlne Guerlais  Yannick Callec  Roger Griboulard  Pascale Huyghe  Siegfried Lallemant  Alain Mascle  Mark Noble  Julien Schmitz  the collaboration of the Caramba working group 《Tectonophysics》2006,428(1-4):33-47

This paper discusses the nature and origin of subsurface sediment mobilization processes in deep marine clay-rich environments. In the studied area of the southern Barbados accretionary prism, new geophysical acquisitions have emphasized the spectacular widespread development of mud volcanoes that are well-developed along ramp anticlines and along sigmoidal rises with trends that are oblique to the axes of the main folds of the accretionary wedge. On some active mud volcanoes, heat-flow measurements show high positive anomalies related to high fluxes of mud transfer. The mobilized solid fraction expelled by the mud volcanoes does not originate from a unique source bed but from various formations pierced by the mud conduits and is driven by the water phase. The area studied also exhibits trends of structures corresponding to sub-circular massive local uplifts of deformed but well-preserved stratified sediments (turbidites and hemipelagics). No piercing shale diapirs have been encountered in this area. Some of these local uplift structures are complicated by the development of collapses, calderas, and superimposed mud volcanoes. Mud volcanism corresponds fundamentally to fluid displacement (water and gas), whereas massive sedimentary uplift corresponds to large vertical displacements of stratified solid levels but for which the deep cause could be partly the intrusion of mud plugs. Both are dynamic phenomena controlled by the development of overpressure at depth, contributing to sedimentary mobilizations.  相似文献