Internal architecture and mobility of tidal sand ridges in the East China Sea     

Zhenxia Liu  Serge Berné  Yoshiki Saito  Hua Yu  Alain Trentesaux  Katsuto Uehara  Ping Yin  J. Paul Liu  Chaoxing Li  Guanghai Hu  Xiangqin Wang 《Continental Shelf Research》2007

On the basis of bathymetric and seismic data and data from piston cores collected by the Chinese–French marine geology and geophysics investigation of 1996, we discuss the internal architecture and mobility of tidal sand ridges in the East China Sea (ECS). We characterized the sand ridges on the middle to outer shelf of the ECS as tide-dominated sand ridges with southwest dipping beds, indicating that the regional net sediment transport is toward the southwest. As the sand ridges gradually migrate toward the southwest, new sand ridges are continually replacing old ones, and several generations of sand ridges have developed in the study area.  相似文献   

The Paleoenvironment and Lithic Taphonomy of Shi’Bat Dihya 1, a Middle Paleolithic Site in Wadi Surdud,Yemen     

Luca Sitzia  Pascal Bertran  Stphane Boulogne  Michel Brenet  Rmy Crassard  Anne Delagnes  Marine Frouin  Christine Hatt  Jacques Jaubert  Lamya Khalidi  Erwan Messager  Norbert Mercier  Alain Meunier  Stphane Peign  Alain Queffelec  Chantal Tribolo  Roberto Macchiarelli 《Geoarchaeology》2012,27(6):471-491

The Shi'bat Dihya 1 site in western Yemen, dated by optically stimulated luminescence to 55 ka, provides insight into the Middle Paleolithic peopling of the Arabian Peninsula. The archaeological layer is interstratified within thick, sandy silt floodplain deposits filling a piedmont basin. Luminescence dates, lack of soil development, and gypsum precipitation indicate a high accretion rate of the floodplain during Marine Isotope Stage 3, in connection with a (semi)‐arid environment. Rapid overbank sedimentation was likely a result of the remobilization of loess material deposited on the Yemeni Great Escarpment at the periphery of the adjacent Tihama coastal sand desert or of other sources. Fabric and size analyses of the lithic artifacts, together with spatial projections, indicate site modifications by floods. Primary modifications include (1) selective accumulation of medium‐sized lithic pieces as a result of hydraulic sorting, (2) bimodal orientation of artifacts, and (3) ripple‐like arrangement of lithics and bone/tooth fragments. The overrepresentation of teeth may also be a consequence of sorting. Although floods have distorted the original site patterning, long‐distance transport of artifacts by water can be excluded, as indicated by relatively high refitting rate, close proximity of artifacts derived from the same block of raw material, and lack of abrasion of the pieces. Therefore, the site is considered “geologically” in situ because its remobilization by water occurred shortly after human abandonment. This study also stresses that the effective preservation of a site cannot be assessed without careful taphonomic study, even in a potentially favorable depositional context such as silty alluvium.  相似文献   

Load Transfers During Vibratory Driving   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Valerie Whenham  Alain Holeyman 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2012,30(5):1119-1135

The vibratory driving technique consists in applying a vibratory load onto a profile to reduce the ground resistance and allow penetration of the profile under its own weight. The vibratory action is produced by counter-rotating eccentric masses actuated within the exciter block. A proper definition of this mechanical action is fundamental for vibratory driving analyses. The vibratory force transferred from the vibrator onto the pile during vibratory driving is however generally neither well defined nor understood, in particular when using simplified closed form solutions for the analysis of pile driving. Few authors have pointed out the very low ratio observed between the force measured in the pile and the nominal inertial force developed by the eccentrics, but without offering a theoretical framework to explain and predict this low ratio. The objective of this paper is to develop a better understanding of the so-called ‘efficiency factor’ of the vibratory driving process. Analytical solutions are presented, along with more advanced numerical simulations. Theoretical solutions are illustrated with reference to field measurements collected at different test sites.  相似文献   

Gradual diversions of the Rio Pastaza in the Ecuadorian piedmont of the Andes from 1906 to 2008: role of tectonics, alluvial fan aggradation, and ENSO events     

Carolina Bernal  Frédéric Christophoul  Jean-Claude Soula  José Darrozes  Luc Bourrel  Alain Laraque  José Burgos  Séverine Bès de Berc  Patrice Baby 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2012,101(7):1913-1928

The successive courses of the Rio Pastaza in the upper Amazonian Puyo plateau (Ecuador) during the past century have been followed using historical maps, aerial photographs, satellite imagery, topographic and river long profiles, and field studies. The abrupt change in direction of the Rio Pastaza from transverse to longitudinal was a result of two avulsions occurred between 1906 and 1976 at the braided-meandering transition of the former alluvial plain. These avulsions are related to aggradation at the toe of a braided piedmont fan prograding on to a hinterland-dipping topographic slope formed by ongoing tectonic backtilting. The main avulsion proceeded by annexation of a south-dipping depression created in front of the cordillera by backtilting of the plateau. A partial and gradual avulsion having occurred upstream of the former site between 1976 and 2008 is marked by the progressive predominance of a newly formed inner branch. Tectonic backtilting enhanced aggradation upstream of the initial site while it offered the newly avulsed channel a still more favorable way along the cordillera by creating a westward lateral slope. The correlation between ENSO events and the occurrence of the 1976–2008 avulsions strongly suggests that the triggers of the avulsions were the floods caused by the high water and sediment discharges associated with ENSO (La Ni?a) events contrasting with the regular monthly discharge and the lack of actual ‘normal’ floods during the inter-ENSO periods.  相似文献   

Facing climatic and anthropogenic changes in the Mediterranean basin: What will be the medium-term impact on water stress?     

Marianne Milano  Denis Ruelland  Sara Fernandez  Alain Dezetter  Julie Fabre  Eric Servat 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2012,344(9):432-440

The Mediterranean basin has been identified as one of the world's most vulnerable regions to climatic and anthropogenic changes. A methodology accounting for the basin specific conditions is developed to assess the current and future water stress state of this region. The medium-term evolution of water stress is investigated using climatic scenarios and a water-use scenario based on efficiency improvements following the recommendations of the Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development. Currently, the southern and eastern rims are experiencing high to severe water stress. By the 2050 horizon, a 30–50% decline in freshwater resources is simulated over most of the Mediterranean basin. While total water withdrawals would stabilize, or even decrease (10–40%), in several northern catchments, they would double in southern and eastern catchments. These changes should significantly increase water stress over the Mediterranean basin and exacerbate the disparities between rims.  相似文献   

Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Uncertainty from Grain-Size Data Using GLUE and Artificial Neural Networks   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Bart Rogiers  Dirk Mallants  Okke Batelaan  Matej Gedeon  Marijke Huysmans  Alain Dassargues 《Mathematical Geosciences》2012,44(6):739-763

Various approaches exist to relate saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s) to grain-size data. Most methods use a single grain-size parameter and hence omit the information encompassed by the entire grain-size distribution. This study compares two data-driven modelling methods??multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks??that use the entire grain-size distribution data as input for K _s prediction. Besides the predictive capacity of the methods, the uncertainty associated with the model predictions is also evaluated, since such information is important for stochastic groundwater flow and contaminant transport modelling. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are combined with a generalised likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) approach to predict K _s from grain-size data. The resulting GLUE-ANN hydraulic conductivity predictions and associated uncertainty estimates are compared with those obtained from the multiple linear regression models by a leave-one-out cross-validation. The GLUE-ANN ensemble prediction proved to be slightly better than multiple linear regression. The prediction uncertainty, however, was reduced by half an order of magnitude on average, and decreased at most by an order of magnitude. This demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms classical data-driven modelling techniques. Moreover, a comparison with methods from the literature demonstrates the importance of site-specific calibration. The data set used for this purpose originates mainly from unconsolidated sandy sediments of the Neogene aquifer, northern Belgium. The proposed predictive models are developed for 173 grain-size K _s-pairs. Finally, an application with the optimised models is presented for a borehole lacking K _s data.  相似文献   

Field evidence of hydraulic connections between bedrock aquifers and overlying granular aquifers: examples from the Grenville Province of the Canadian Shield   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sandra K. Richard  Romain Chesnaux  Alain Rouleau  Roger Morin  Julien Walter  Silvain Rafini 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(8):1889-1904

Field evidence of hydraulic connections between a bedrock aquifer and an overlying granular aquifer in the Canadian Shield (Grenville Province) is presented. This issue is rarely considered and investigated despite its important hydraulic and chemical consequences and its widespread occurrence worldwide. The methodology employed is based on complementary field tests conducted at specific experimental sites instrumented both in the rock and in the overlying deposits. One of the bedrock sites revealed a natural hydraulic connection with the overlying granular aquifer caused by the weathered surface of the uppermost bedrock. Another site revealed an artificial hydraulic connection between the bedrock and the granular aquifer created by an improperly sealed casing. A regional study showed that hydraulic connections yield an erroneous interpretation of the true hydraulic properties of the tested aquifer. The detection of hydraulic connections is therefore essential to properly define well-capture areas and contamination conditions. It is recommended to practitioners that pumping tests be performed as well as hydrochemical comparisons of each existing aquifer unit. Falling-head permeability tests are also helpful in verifying the quality of the seal at the bedrock–casing contact. More effective procedural controls and better well-construction practices are necessary to reduce the risks of cross-contamination induced by defective seals.  相似文献   

Mercury exosphere: II. The sodium/potassium ratio     

Francois Leblanc  Alain Doressoundiram 《Icarus》2011,211(1):10-20

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A two level scaling-up method for multiphase flow in porous media; numerical validation and comparison with other methods     

Alain Bourgeat  Mladen Jurak 《Computational Geosciences》2010,14(1):1-14

We present a robust and accurate strategy for upscaling two-phase flow in heterogeneous porous media composed of different rock-types. The method is tested by means of numerical simulations and compared with other upscaling methods.  相似文献   

Long-term Field Observations on Seasonality in Chlorophyll-<Emphasis Type="Italic">a</Emphasis> Concentrations in a Shallow Coastal Marine Ecosystem,the Wadden Sea     

Catharina Johanna Maria Philippart  Jolanda Martine van Iperen  Gerhard Cornelis Cadée  Alain François Zuur 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(2):286-294

Analyses of long-term field observations (1974–2007) on chlorophyll-a concentrations in the western Wadden Sea showed no long-term trends in the timing of the wax and wane of phytoplankton spring blooms. There is weak evidence, however, that the height of the autumn bloom has decreased since the early 1990s. This fading of the autumn bloom may have had consequences for the carbon transfer to higher trophic levels, currently hampering primary consumer species that mostly rely on food supply during late summer. Current and other findings suggest a shortening of the growing season due to the fading of the autumn bloom in the Wadden Sea and a lengthening of the growing season due to an advancement of the spring bloom in the North Sea. These regionally different changes in seasonality may have contributed to the coinciding decrease in bivalve filtering capacity in the western Wadden Sea and the large-scale offshore shift of juvenile plaice from the Wadden Sea to the adjacent North Sea.  相似文献