Reduction of iodate in seawater during Arabian Sea shipboard incubations and in laboratory cultures of the marine bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens strain MR-4     

Anna M. Farrenkopf  Michael E. Dollhopf  Sinad Ní Chadhain  George W. Luther  III  Kenneth H. Nealson 《Marine Chemistry》1997,57(3-4)

Shipboard incubations from the US JGOFS cruise to the Arabian Sea (TN045) March, 1995 showed evidence of iodate reduction in 0.45 μ (Gelman Supor membrane) filtered seawater samples collected from intermediate depths (200–600 m) within the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Inorganic chemical reduction of iodate in these samples was ruled out as no free sulfide was measurable and concentrations of ammonia and nitrite were found to be less than 5 μM. To examine whether the reduction of iodate observed at sea could have been the result of bacterial metabolism, reduction of iodate (IO₃⁻) to iodide (I⁻) by Shewanella putrefaciens strain MR-4 was studied in artificial seawater using electrochemical methods. MR-4 is a ubiquitous marine bacterium which may be of considerable importance when considering redox zonation in the water column because it is a facultative anaerobe and may switch amongst a suite of electron acceptors to support metabolism. In all experiments MR-4 reduced all iodate to iodide. The rate of formation of [I⁻]in the culture followed pseudo-first order kinetics. This is the first report of the marine bacterial reduction of iodate where the concentrations of iodide and iodate were measured directly. Our results may help to explain the depth distribution of iodine speciation reported in productive waters like the Arabian Sea and for the first time couple iodine speciation with bacterial productivity in the ocean.  相似文献   

Vertical flux of biogenic matter during a Lagrangian study off the NW Spanish continental margin     

Kalle Olli  Christian Wexels Riser  Paul Wassmann  Tatjana Ratkova  Elena Arashkevich  Anna Pasternak 《Progress in Oceanography》2001,51(2-4)

Lagrangian experiments with short-term, drifting sediment traps were conducted during a cruise on RRS Charles Darwin to the NW coast of Spain to study the vertical flux and composition of settling biogenic matter. The cruise was split into two legs corresponding to (i) a period of increased production following an upwelling event on the continental shelf (3–10 August 1998) and (ii) an evolution of a cold water filament originating from the upwelled water off the shelf (14–19 August). The export of particulate organic carbon (POC) from the upper layer (0–60m) on the shelf was 90–240mgC.m⁻².d⁻¹ and off the shelf was 60–180mgC.m⁻².d⁻¹. Off shelf the POC flux at 200m was 50–60mg.m⁻².d⁻¹. A modest sedimentation of diatoms (15–30mgC.m⁻².d⁻¹) after the upwelling was associated with increased vertical flux of chlorophyll a (1.8–2.1mg.m⁻².d⁻¹) and a decrease of the POC:PON molar ratio of the settled material from 9 to 6.4. Most of the pico-, nano-, and microplankton in the settled material were flagellates; diatoms were significant during the on shelf and dinoflagellates during the off shelf leg. Off shelf, the exponential attenuation of POC flux indicated a strong retention capacity of the plankton community between 40 and 75m. POC:PON ratio of the settled particulate matter decreased with depth and the relative portion of flagellates increased, suggesting a novel, flagellate and aggregate mediated particulate flux in these waters. Export of POC from the euphotic layer comprised 14–26% of the integrated primary production per day during the on shelf leg and 25–42% during the off shelf leg, which characterises the importance of sedimentation in the organic carbon budget of these waters.  相似文献   

Impact of experimental trawling on the benthic assemblage along the Tuscany coast (north Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)     

De Biasi  Anna Maria 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2004,61(8):1260-1266

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The fate of production in the central Arctic Ocean - top-down regulation by zooplankton expatriates?   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kalle Olli  Paul Wassmann  Tatjana N. Ratkova  Anna Pasternak  Johan Knulst  Riina Klais 《Progress in Oceanography》2007,72(1):84-113

We estimated primary and bacterial production, mineral nutrients, suspended chlorophyll a (Chl), particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON), abundance of planktonic organisms, mesozooplankton fecal pellet production, and the vertical flux of organic particles of the central Arctic Ocean (Amundsen basin, 89-88° N) during a 3 week quasi-Lagrangian ice drift experiment at the peak of the productive season (August 2001). A visual estimate of ≈15% ice-free surface, plus numerous melt ponds on ice sheets, supported a planktonic particulate primary production of 50-150 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹ (mean 93 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹, n = 7), mostly confined to the upper 10 m of the nutrient replete water column. The surface mixed layer was separated from the rest of the water column by a strong halocline at 20 m depth. Phototrophic biomass was low, generally 0.03-0.3 mg Chl m⁻³ in the upper 20 m and <0.02 mg Chl m⁻³ below, dominated by various flagellates, dinoflagellates and diatoms. Bacterial abundance (typically 3.7-5.3 × 10⁵, mean 4.1 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹ in the upper 20 m and 1.3-3.7 × 10⁵, mean 1.9 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹ below) and Chl concentrations were closely correlated (r = 0.75). Mineral nutrients (3 μmol NO₃ l⁻¹, 0.45 μmol PO₄ l⁻¹, 4-5 μmol SiO₄ l⁻¹) were probably not limiting the primary production in the upper layer. Suspended POC concentration was ∼30-105 (mean 53) mg C m⁻³ and PON ∼5.4-14.9 (mean 8.2) mg N m⁻³ with no clear vertical trend. The vertical flux of POC in the upper 30-100 m water column was ∼37-92 (mean 55) mg C m⁻² d⁻¹ without clear decrease with depth, and was quite similar at the six investigated stations. The mesozooplankton biomass (≈2 g DW m⁻², mostly in the upper 50 m water column) was dominated by adult females of the large calanoid copepods Calanus hyperboreus and Calanus glacialis (≈1.6 g DW m⁻²). The grazing of these copepods (estimated via fecal pellet production rates) was ≈15 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹, being on the order of 3% and 20% of the expected food-saturated ingestion rates of C. hyperboreus and C. glacialis, respectively. The stage structure of these copepods, dominated by adult females, and their unsatisfied grazing capacity during peak productive period suggest allochthonous origin of these species from productive shelf areas, supported by their long life span and the prevailing surface currents in the Arctic Ocean. We propose that the grazing capacity of the expatriated mesozooplankton population would match the potential seasonal increase of primary production in the future decreased ice perspective, diminishing the likelihood of algal blooms.  相似文献   

Application of real-time PCR for quantitative determination of hepatic vitellogenin transcript levels in the striped sea bream, Lithognathus mormyrus     

Bruria Funkenstein  Anna Dyman  Berta Levavi-Sivan  Moshe Tom 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):659

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The facies of contact metamorphism: V. V. Reverdatto,edited by V. S. Söbolev Transl,from Russian by D. A. Brown,Canberra, Australian National University,Dept. of Geology,Publ. No. 233, 1973. $A.5-00     

Anna Hietanen 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1974,38(6):987

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The measurement of the gravitational constant in an orbiting laboratory     

Paolo Farinella  Andrea Milani  Anna M. Nobili 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1980,73(2):417-433

We propose to measure the gravitational constantG by putting in an orbiting laboratory a known mass of very high density and by tracking the motion of a small test mass under the gravitational influence of the primary mass. We analyse the different sources of perturbation; the consideration of the Earth's gravity gradient leads us to conclude that, if the laboratory is in a low Earth orbit, we cannot get stable satellite-like orbits of the test mass, but we must study only a process of gravitational scattering. In order to maximize the time of interaction it is proposed to use the practical stability of a collinear equilibrium point of the system Earth-primary mass, by putting the test mass as close as possible to the stable manifold of an equilibrium point. This method will allow the determination of the value ofG within a few parts over 10⁵, as shown by some computer simulations of the experiment taking into account also some unknown perturbation and random noise.Two main problems are involved in this experiment: (a) refined numerical methods are needed to take into account all significant perturbations and to extract the result aboutG from the experimental data; (b) during the motion of the test mass, the primary mass must always be free-falling inside the laboratory, so that this experiment needs a drag-free satellite technique of the same type which is necessary for high-precision gravimetric measurements.  相似文献   

Changes in fish mercury concentrations over 20 years in an acidified lake subject to experimental liming     

Martti Rask  Roger I. Jones  Marko Järvinen  Anna Paloheimo  Maiju Salonen  Jari Syväranta  Matti Verta 《Applied Geochemistry》2007

Lake Iso Valkjärvi (southern Finland, Europe) was divided in two with a plastic curtain in 1991. One half was neutralized with CaCO₃, and the other acted as a control. Mercury concentrations of perch (Perca fluviatilis) and northern pike (Esox lucius) in the limed and control side of the lake were studied both before and after the treatment. Average Hg concentrations of perch and pike were 0.40 and 1.2 μg g⁻¹ (ww) in the early 1980s and 0.25 and 0.72 μg g⁻¹ (ww) a decade later at the time of liming. Ten years after the liming the Hg concentrations of perch in the limed and control sides of the lake were 0.21 and 0.28 μg g⁻¹ (ww) and those of pike were 0.69 and 0.43 μg g⁻¹ (ww), respectively. Nitrogen isotope ratios (δ¹⁵N) for perch in the sampling period 2002–2004 showed wide variation suggesting variable trophic positions for individual fish. Pike formed two groups according to their δ¹⁵N-values, suggesting that zoobenthos dominated the diet of pike around 20 cm in length and fish that of the larger pikes. Because the δ¹⁵N-values of fish were at similar levels in the limed and control sides of L. Iso Valkjärvi, differences in food web structure cannot account for the different fish Hg concentrations. A more likely explanation is water quality induced differences in the dynamics and bioavailability of Hg, leading to decreased formation of methyl Hg.  相似文献   

Determining the extent of weathering of spilled fuel in contaminated soil using the diastereomers of pristane and phytane     

Cameron P. McIntyre  Paul McA. Harvey  Susan Ferguson  Anna M. Wressnig  Ian Snape  Simon C. George 《Organic Geochemistry》2007,38(12):2131-2134

A method is described for determining the relative extent of weathering in moderately biodegraded, hydrocarbon-contaminated soils from Antarctica. Plotting the pristane diastereomer ratio (PrDR) vs. pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) allows the relative extent of weathering (primarily evaporation in this case) to be determined. PrDR is used to account for biodegradation as it is independent of evaporation. The method is straightforward and as robust as conventional ratios.  相似文献   

Characterisation of concentrates of heavy mineral sands by micro-Raman spectrometry and CC-SEM/EDX with HCA     

Anna Worobiec  E. Anna Stefaniak  Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak  Zbigniew Sawlowicz  Zoya Spolnik  René Van Grieken 《Applied Geochemistry》2007

The effectiveness of electrostatic separation of zircon and TiO₂ phases during the processing of heavy mineral concentrates derived from heavy mineral sands depends upon the chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics of the concentrates. Here the authors’ demonstrate the use of combined micro-Raman spectrometry (MRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and computer controlled scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray detector (CC-SEM/EDX), followed by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to determining these characteristics on samples from the non-magnetic fraction of the Richards Bay (South Africa) heavy mineral concentrate. All samples were found to be predominately comprised a heterogeneous population of grains of zircon and rutile and other TiO₂ polymorphs with diverse physicochemical properties. Combined MRS and CC-SEM/EDX enabled the identification of textural characteristics which impacted on the efficiency of electrostatic separation of zircon and rutile concentrate streams.  相似文献