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131.
Gerard W. Hazeu Arnold K. Bregt Allard J.W. de Wit Jan G.P.W. Clevers 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011
Land cover and land use are important information sources for environmental issues. One of the most important changes at the Earth's surface concerns land cover and land use. Knowledge about the location and type of these changes is essential for environmental modeling and management. Remote sensing data in combination with additional spatial data are recognized as an important source of information to detect these land cover and land use changes. 相似文献
132.
This study aims at presenting various methodologies to separate the reproducible and irreproducible components of seasonal and intraseasonal climate variability simulated by a regional climate model over Southern Africa (south of 15°S), during an austral summer rainy season representative of the climatology. To that end, a 30-member ensemble simulation is performed using WRF laterally forced by the ERA40 reanalyses. Retained metrics include the analysis of weather regimes, signal-to-noise ratio, inter-member standard deviation and coefficient of variation. At the seasonal timescale, simulated rainfall amounts generally show a strong reproducibility, except in the subtropics and over the southern part of the Mozambique Channel. There, the number of rainy days is roughly similar in all members, while their average intensity varies extensively. At the intraseasonal timescale, the chronology of weather regimes, derived from the 500?hPa geopotential height, is highly reproducible. Rainfall variability is much less reproducible, especially in the central parts of the domain and near its outflow boundaries. Analysis of a South African regional index nonetheless indicates that both wet and dry spells tend to be accurately simulated and occur in phase in most members, demonstrating that they are embedded in large-scale variability patterns. Internal variability is lastly related to the lateral forcings along the domain boundaries. An objective classification of inflow/outflow mass fluxes allows identification of the recurrent synoptic configurations that favor strong or weak regional reproducibility. The main uncertainties concern the basic morphological features of rain-bearing systems (i.e., their spatial extension, location and propagation speed). Consequences for tropical-temperate interactions are then discussed. 相似文献
133.
134.
Wang XS Neuman SP Strack OD Verruijt A Jamali M Seymour B Bear J Cheng AH 《Ground water》2011,49(2):133-42; discussion 142-3
135.
Julien Berger Renaud Caby Jean-Paul Liégeois Jean-Claude C. Mercier Daniel Demaiffe 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,162(4):773-796
We show here that the Amalaoulaou complex, in the Pan-African belt of West Africa (Gourma, Mali), corresponds to the lower
and middle sections of a Neoproterozoic intra-oceanic arc. This complex records a 90–130-Ma-long evolution of magmatic inputs
and differentiation above a subducting oceanic slab. Early c. 793 Ma-old metagabbros crystallised at lower crustal or uppermost
mantle depths (25–30 km) and have geochemical characteristic of high-alumina basalts extracted from a depleted mantle source
slightly enriched by slab-derived sedimentary components ((La/Sm)N < 1; εNd: +5.4–6.2; 87Sr/86Sr: 0.7027–0.7029). In response to crustal thickening, these mafic rocks were recrystallised into garnet-granulites (850–1,000°C;
10–12 kbar) and subject to local dehydration–melting reactions, forming trondhjemititic leucosomes with garnet–clinopyroxene–rutile
residues. Slightly after the granulitic event, the arc root was subject to strong HT shearing during partial exhumation (detachment
faults/rifting or thrusting), coeval with the emplacement of spinel- and garnet-pyroxenite dykes crystallised from a high-Mg
andesitic parental magma. Quartz and hornblende-gabbros (700–660 Ma) with composition typical of hydrous volcanic rocks from
mature arcs ((La/Sm)N: 0.9–1.8; εNd: +4.6 to +5.2; 87Sr/86Sr: 0.7028–0.7031) were subsequently emplaced at mid-arc crust levels (~15 km). Trace element and isotopic data indicate that
magmas tapped a depleted mantle source significantly more enriched in oceanic sedimentary components (0.2%). Exhumation occurred
either in two stages (700–660 and 623 Ma) or in one stage (623 Ma) with a final exhumation of the arc root along cold P-T
path (550°C, 6–9 kbar; epidote–amphibolite and greenschist facies conditions) during the main Pan-African collision event
(620–580 Ma). The composition of magmas forming the Cryogenian Amalaoulaou arc and the processes leading to intra-arc differentiation
are strikingly comparable to those observed in the deep section of exposed Mezosoic oceanic arcs, namely the Kohistan and
Talkeetna complex. This evolution of the Amalaoulaou oceanic arc and its accretion towards the West African craton belong
to the life and closure of the Pharusian Ocean that eventually led to the formation of the Greater Gondwana supercontinent,
a similar story having occurred on the other side of the Sahara with the Mozambique Ocean. 相似文献
136.
Thuro Arnold Nils Baumann Sina Brockmann Udo Zimmermann Stephan Weiß 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(8):2200-3065
The subsurface acid mine drainage (AMD) environment of an abandoned underground uranium mine in Königstein/Saxony/Germany, currently in the process of remediation, is characterized by low pH, high sulfate concentrations and elevated concentrations of heavy metals, in particular uranium. Acid streamers thrive in the mine drainage channels and are heavily coated with iron precipitates. These precipitates are biologically mediated iron precipitates and related to the presence of Fe-oxidizing microorganisms forming copious biofilms in and on the Fe-precipitates. Similar biomineralisations were also observed in stalactite-like dripstones, called snottites, growing on the gallery ceilings.The uranium speciation in these solutions of underground AMD waters flowing in mine galleries as well as dripping from the ceiling and forming stalactite-like dripstones were studied by time resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). The fluorescence lifetime of uranium species in both AMD water environments were best described with a mono-exponential decay, indicating the presence of one major species. The detected positions of the emission bands and by comparing it in a fingerprinting procedure with spectra obtained for acid sulfate reference solutions, in particular Fe(III) - SO42− - UO22+ reference solutions, indicated that the uranium speciation in the AMD environment of Königstein is dominated in the pH range of 2.5-3.0 by the highly mobile aquatic uranium sulfate species UO2SO4(aq) and formation of uranium precipitates is rather unlikely as is retardation by sorption processes. The presence of iron in the AMD reduces the fluorescence lifetime of the UO2SO4(aq) species from 4.3 μs, found in iron-free uranium sulfate reference solutions, to 0.7 μs observed in both AMD waters of Königstein and also in the iron containing uranium sulfate reference solutions.Colloids were not observed in both drainage water and dripping snottite water as photon correlation spectroscopy analyses and centrifugation experiments at different centrifugal accelerations between 500g and 46000g revealed. Thus transport and uranium speciation at the investigated AMD sites is neither influenced by U(IV) or U(VI) eigencolloids nor by uranium adsorbed on colloidal particles.This study shows that TRLFS is a suitable spectroscopic technique to identify the uranium speciation in bulk solutions of AMD environments. 相似文献
137.
Julien Mercadier Michel Cuney Michel Cathelineau Mathieu Lacorde 《Mineralium Deposita》2011,46(2):105-135
Proterozoic basement-hosted unconformity-related uranium deposits of the Athabasca Basin (Saskatchewan, Canada) were affected
by significant uranium redistribution along oxidation–reduction redox fronts related to cold and late meteoric fluid infiltration.
These redox fronts exhibit the same mineralogical and geochemical features as the well-studied uranium roll-front deposits
in siliclastic rocks. The primary hydrothermal uranium mineralisation (1.6–1.3 Ga) of basement-hosted deposits is strongly
reworked to new disseminated ores comprising three distinctly coloured zones: a white-green zone corresponding to the previous
clay-rich alteration halo contemporaneous with hydrothermal ores, a uranium front corresponding to the uranium deposition
zone of the redox front (brownish zone, rich in goethite) and a hematite-rich red zone marking the front progression. The
three zones directly reflect the mineralogical zonation related to uranium oxides (pitchblende), sulphides, iron minerals
(hematite and goethite) and alumino-phosphate-sulphate (APS) minerals. The zoning can be explained by processes of dissolution–precipitation
along a redox interface and was produced by the infiltration of cold (<50°C) meteoric fluids to the hydrothermally altered
areas. U, Fe, Ca, Pb, S, REE, V, Y, W, Mo and Se were the main mobile elements in this process, and their distribution within
the three zones was, for most of them, directly dependent on their redox potential. The elements concentrated in the redox
fronts were sourced by the alteration of previously crystallised hydrothermal minerals, such as uranium oxides and light rare
earth element (LREE)-rich APS. The uranium oxides from the redox front are characterised by LREE-enriched patterns, which
differ from those of unconformity-related ores and clearly demonstrate their distinct conditions of formation. Uranium redox
front formation is thought to be linked to fluid circulation episodes initiated during the 400–300 Ma period during uplift
and erosion of the Athabasca Basin when it was near the Equator and to have been still active during the last million years.
A major kaolinisation event was caused by changes in the fluid circulation regime, reworking the primary uranium redox fronts
and causing the redistribution of elements originally concentrated in the uranium-enriched meteoric-related redox fronts. 相似文献
138.
Frédéric Moynier Toshiyuki Fujii Kun Wang Julien Foriel 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2013,345(5-6):230-240
Iron is one of the most abundant transition metal in higher plants and variations in its isotopic compositions can be used to trace its utilization. In order to better understand the effect of plant-induced isotopic fractionation on the global Fe cycling, we have estimated by quantum chemical calculations the magnitude of the isotopic fractionation between different Fe species relevant to the transport and storage of Fe in higher plants: Fe(II)-citrate, Fe(III)-citrate, Fe(II)-nicotianamine, and Fe(III)-phytosiderophore. The ab initio calculations show firstly, that Fe(II)-nicotianamine is ~3‰ (56Fe/54Fe) isotopically lighter than Fe(III)-phytosiderophore; secondly, even in the absence of redox changes of Fe, change in the speciation alone can create up to ~1.5‰ isotopic fractionation. For example, Fe(III)-phytosiderophore is up to 1.5‰ heavier than Fe(III)-citrate2 and Fe(II)-nicotianamine is up to 1‰ heavier than Fe(II)-citrate. In addition, in order to better understand the Fe isotopic fractionation between different plant components, we have analyzed the iron isotopic composition of different organs (roots, seeds, germinated seeds, leaves and stems) from six species of higher plants: the dicot lentil (Lens culinaris), and the graminaceous monocots Virginia wild rye (Elymus virginicus), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), river oat (Uniola latifolia), and Indian goosegrass (Eleusine indica). The calculations may explain that the roots of strategy-II plants (Fe(III)-phytosiderophore) are isotopically heavier (by about 1‰ for the δ56Fe) than the upper parts of the plants (Fe transported as Fe(III)-citrate in the xylem or Fe(II)-nicotianamine in the phloem). In addition, we suggest that the isotopic variations observed between younger and older leaves could be explained by mixing of Fe received from the xylem and the phloem. 相似文献
139.
An analytical expansion of the disturbing function arising from direct planetary perturbations on the motion of satellites is derived. As a Fourier series, it allows the investigation of the secular effects of these direct perturbations, as well as of every argument present in the perturbation. In particular, we construct an analytical model describing the evection resonance between the longitude of pericenter of the satellite orbit and the longitude of a planet, and study briefly its dynamic. The expansion developed in this paper is valid in the case of planar and circular planetary orbits, but not limited in eccentricity or inclination of the satellite orbit. 相似文献
140.
T. Neubert M. Rycroft T. Farges E. Blanc O. Chanrion E. Arnone A. Odzimek N. Arnold C.-F. Enell E. Turunen T. Bösinger Á. Mika C. Haldoupis R. J. Steiner O. van der Velde S. Soula P. Berg F. Boberg P. Thejll B. Christiansen M. Ignaccolo M. Füllekrug P. T. Verronen J. Montanya N. Crosby 《Surveys in Geophysics》2008,29(2):71-137
The paper reviews recent advances in studies of electric discharges in the stratosphere and mesosphere above thunderstorms,
and their effects on the atmosphere. The primary focus is on the sprite discharge occurring in the mesosphere, which is the
most commonly observed high altitude discharge by imaging cameras from the ground, but effects on the upper atmosphere by
electromagnetic radiation from lightning are also considered. During the past few years, co-ordinated observations over Southern
Europe have been made of a wide range of parameters related to sprites and their causative thunderstorms. Observations have
been complemented by the modelling of processes ranging from the electric discharge to perturbations of trace gas concentrations
in the upper atmosphere. Observations point to significant energy deposition by sprites in the neutral atmosphere as observed
by infrasound waves detected at up to 1000 km distance, whereas elves and lightning have been shown significantly to affect
ionization and heating of the lower ionosphere/mesosphere. Studies of the thunderstorm systems powering high altitude discharges
show the important role of intracloud (IC) lightning in sprite generation as seen by the first simultaneous observations of
IC activity, sprite activity and broadband, electromagnetic radiation in the VLF range. Simulations of sprite ignition suggest
that, under certain conditions, energetic electrons in the runaway regime are generated in streamer discharges. Such electrons
may be the source of X- and Gamma-rays observed in lightning, thunderstorms and the so-called Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes
(TGFs) observed from space over thunderstorm regions. Model estimates of sprite perturbations to the global atmospheric electric
circuit, trace gas concentrations and atmospheric dynamics suggest significant local perturbations, and possibly significant
meso-scale effects, but negligible global effects. 相似文献