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361.
Koen Kemel Axel Brandenburg Nathan Kleeorin Dhrubaditya Mitra Igor Rogachevskii 《Solar physics》2013,287(1-2):293-313
The negative effective magnetic-pressure instability operates on scales encompassing many turbulent eddies, which correspond to convection cells in the Sun. This instability is discussed here in connection with the formation of active regions near the surface layers of the Sun. This instability is related to the negative contribution of turbulence to the mean magnetic pressure that causes the formation of large-scale magnetic structures. For an isothermal layer, direct numerical simulations and mean-field simulations of this phenomenon are shown to agree in many details, for example the onset of the instability occurs at the same depth. This depth increases with increasing field strength, such that the growth rate of this instability is independent of the field strength, provided the magnetic structures are fully contained within the domain. A linear stability analysis is shown to support this finding. The instability also leads to a redistribution of turbulent intensity and gas pressure that could provide direct observational signatures. 相似文献
362.
Trace elements and cathodoluminescence of quartz in stockwork veins of Mongolian porphyry-style deposits 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Axel Müller Richard Herrington Robin Armstrong Reimar Seltmann Douglas J. Kirwin Nina G. Stenina Andreas Kronz 《Mineralium Deposita》2010,45(7):707-727
The combination of scanning electron microscope–cathodoluminescence (CL), fluid inclusion analysis and high-resolution electron
probe microanalysis of Al, Ti, K and Fe in vein quartz has yielded results permitting a greater understanding of the complex
mineralisation of the Central Oyu Tolgoi and Zesen Uul porphyry-style deposits, southern Mongolia. These data demonstrate
the relationship between quartz precipitation, dissolution and ore deposition as the mineralising fluid chemistry changed
through time. Four major quartz generations are identified in the A-type veins from the stockworks of both the Central Oyu
Tolgoi (OTi to OTiv) and Zesen Uul deposits (ZUi to ZUiv). Despite differences in the associated alteration and mineralisation
style, the observed CL textures and trace element signatures of the quartz generations are comparable between deposits. The
OTi and ZUi stage formed both the primary network of A-type veins and pervasive silicification of the host rock. Using the
Ti-in-quartz geothermometer, crystallisation temperatures for OTi and ZUi of between 598°C and 880°C are indicated. The main
stage of sulphide mineralisation was accompanied by the dissolution of pre-existing quartz (OTi and ZUi) and precipitation
of a weakly luminescent generation of quartz (OTii and ZUii) with a low Ti content, reflected in a calculated temperature
drop from approximately 700°C to 340°C in Central Oyu Tolgoi and 445°C in Zesen Uul. OTii and ZUii stage quartzes show high
and variable Al concentrations. The next stage of quartz in both deposits (OTiii and ZUiii) forms a fine network of veins
in cracks formed in pre-existing quartz. OTiii and ZUiii quartz contain measurable fluid inclusions of moderate salinity (3–17.1 wt.%
NaCl eq.), entrapped in the temperature range 256°C to 385°C. OTiii and ZUiii are not related to any sulphide mineralisation.
The final OTiv and ZUiv stages are characterised by quartz–calcite micro-breccias that penetrate the A-type veins. Based on
the calculated entrapment temperatures, the OTiv/ZUiv stage crystallised between 212°C and 335°C, and the quartz is characterised
by elevated but variable Al and Fe contents. The CL and trace element signatures of the OTi to OTiii and ZUi to ZUiii stages
of the two Mongolian porphyries show similar features to those observed in porphyry-style deposits from other regions. This
suggests that a common sequence of quartz crystallisation occurs during the formation of early veins in many porphyry copper
systems. 相似文献
363.
Soil microbial community changes as a result of long-term exposure to a natural CO2 vent 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
B.I. Oppermann M. Blumenberg H.M. Schulz A. Schippers M. Krüger 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(9):2697-2716
The capture and geological storage of CO2 can be used to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. To assess the environmental impact of potential CO2 leakage from deep storage reservoirs on the abundance and functional diversity of microorganisms in near-surface terrestrial environments, a natural CO2 vent (>90% CO2 in the soil gas) was studied as an analogue. The microbial communities were investigated using lipid biomarkers combined with compound-specific stable carbon isotope analyses, the determination of microbial activities, and the use of quantitative polymerase chain reactions (Q-PCR). With this complementary set of methods, significant differences between the CO2-rich vent and a reference site with a normal CO2 concentration were detected. The δ13C values of the plant and microbial lipids within the CO2 vent demonstrate that substantial amounts of geothermal CO2 were incorporated into the microbial, plant, and soil carbon pools. Moreover, the numbers of Archaea and Bacteria were highest at the reference site and substantially lower at the CO2 vent. Lipid biomarker analyses, Q-PCR, and the determination of microbial activities showed the presence of CO2-utilising methanogenic Archaea, Geobacteraceae, and sulphate-reducing Bacteria (SRB) mainly at the CO2 vent, only minor quantities were found at the reference site. Stable carbon isotopic analyses revealed that the methanogenic Archaea and SRB utilised the vent-derived CO2 for assimilatory biosynthesis. Our results show a shift in the microbial community towards anaerobic and acidophilic microorganisms as a consequence of the long-term exposure of the soil environment to high CO2 concentrations. 相似文献
364.
A caudal vertebra collected from conglomerates of the Al-Khod Formation (Late Cretaceous) in the Al-Khod area, Sultanate of Oman, is assigned to a medium-sized theropod dinosaur. The Al-Khod discovery represents one of the very few dinosaur records from the Middle East. 相似文献
365.
Mathias Mueller Onyedika A. Igbokwe Benjamin Walter Chelsea L. Pederson Sylvia Riechelmann Detlev K. Richter Richard Albert Axel Gerdes Dieter Buhl Rolf D. Neuser Giovanni Bertotti Adrian Immenhauser 《Sedimentology》2020,67(2):849-881
Early marine diagenetic dolomite is a rather thermodynamically-stable carbonate phase and has potential to act as an archive of marine porewater properties. However, the variety of early to late diagenetic dolomite phases that can coexist within a single sample can result in extensive complexity. Here, the archive potential of early marine dolomites exposed to extreme post-depositional processes is tested using various types of analyses, including: petrography, fluid inclusion data, stable δ13C and δ18O isotopes, 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and U-Pb age dating of various dolomite phases. In this example, a Triassic carbonate platform was dissected and overprinted (diagenetic temperatures of 50 to 430°C) in a strike-slip zone in Southern Spain. Eight episodes of dolomitization, a dolostone cataclasite and late stage meteoric/vadose cementation were recognized. The following processes were found to be diagenetically relevant: (i) protolith deposition and fabric-preservation, and marine dolomitization of precursor aragonite and calcite during the Middle–Late Triassic; (ii) intermediate burial and formation of zebra saddle dolomite and precipitation of various dolomite cements in a Proto-Atlantic opening stress regime (T ca 250°C) during the Early–Middle Jurassic; (iii) dolomite cement precipitation during early Alpine tectonism, rapid burial to ca 15 km, and high-grade anchizone overprint during Alpine tectonic evolution in the Early Eocene to Early Miocene; (iv) brecciation of dolostones to cataclasite during the onset of the Carboneras Fault Zone activity during the Middle Miocene; and (v) late-stage regression and subsequent meteoric overprint. Data shown here document that, under favourable conditions, early diagenetic marine dolomites and their archive data may resist petrographic and geochemical resetting over time intervals of 108 or more years. Evidence for this preservation includes preserved Late Triassic seawater δ13CDIC values and primary fluid inclusion data. Data also indicate that oversimplified statements based on bulk data from other petrographically-complex dolomite archives must be considered with caution. 相似文献
366.
To better understand the role of the German Bight (GB) as a nursery area for juvenile North Sea sprat Sprattus sprattus we sought to determine whether the area may receive only locally or also externally produced offspring. We sampled juveniles during 3 trawl surveys in the GB in August, September, and October 2004 and applied otolith microstructure analysis in order to reconstruct their distributions of the day-of-first-increment-formation (dif). These were contrasted with spatial and seasonal patterns of sprat egg abundance in the GB and its adjacent areas, observed during 6 monthly plankton surveys. It was found that the majority of juveniles originated mainly from April/May 2004, coinciding with high spawning activity west of the GB, whereas spawning and larval production inside the GB peaked notably later, in May/June. This indicated that a large proportion of juveniles was produced outside the GB and transported subsequently into it through passive and/or active migration. Shifts to later mean difs from one survey to the next and length distributions indicative of the simultaneous presence of multiple cohorts, supported the notion that the GB is a complex retention and nursery area for sprat offspring from different North Sea spawning grounds and times. Later born juveniles had significantly faster initial growth rates than earlier born conspecifics, which was likely temperature-mediated, given the strong correlation between back-calculated growth histories and sea surface temperature as a proxy for thermal histories of juveniles (r2 = 0.52). 相似文献
367.
Bioavailability and bacterial degradation rates of dissolved organic matter in a temperate coastal area during an annual cycle 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Christian Lnborg Keith Davidson Xos A. lvarezSalgado Axel E.J. Miller 《Marine Chemistry》2009,113(3-4):219-226
The bioavailability and bacterial degradation rates of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were determined over a seasonal cycle in Loch Creran (Scotland) by measuring the decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON) and phosphorous (DOP) concentrations during long-term laboratory incubations (150 days) at a constant temperature of 14 °C. The experiments showed that bioavailable DOC (BDOC) accounted for 29 ± 11% of DOC (average ± SD), bioavailable DON (BDON) for 52 ± 11% of DON and bioavailable DOP (BDOP) for 88 ± 8% of DOP. The seasonal variations in DOM concentrations were mainly due to the bioavailable fraction. BDOP was degraded at a rate of 12 ± 4% d– 1 (average ± SD) while the degradation rates of BDOC and BDON were 7 ± 2% d– 1 and 9 ± 2% d– 1 respectively, indicating a preferential mineralization of DOP relative to DON and of DON relative to DOC. Positive correlations between concentration and degradation rate of DOM suggested that the higher the concentration the faster DOM would be degraded. On average, 77 ± 9% of BDOP, 62 ± 14% of BDON and 49 ± 19% of BDOC were mineralized during the residence time of water in Loch Creran, showing that this coastal area exported C-rich DOM to the adjacent Firth of Lorne. Four additional degradation experiments testing the effect of varying temperature on bioavailability and degradation rates of DOM were also conducted throughout the seasonal cycle (summer, autumn, winter and spring). Apart from the standard incubations at 14 °C, additional studies at 8 °C and 18 °C were also conducted. Bioavailability did not change with temperature, but degradation rates were stimulated by increased temperature, with a Q10 of 2.6 ± 1.1 for DOC and 2.5 ± 0.7 for DON (average ± SD). 相似文献