DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSVERSE DRANAGES AND FORMATION OF WIND GAPS ON ACTIVELY GROWING FOLD: REVIEW AND CASE STUDY          下载免费PDF全文

CAO Xi-lin  GENG Hao-peng  PAN Bao-tian  HU Xiao-fei 《地震地质》1979,42(3):670-687

The most compelling phenomena for transverse drainage in active fold belt are lateral diversion of channels and development of water/wind gaps. This phenomenon is the result of competition between uplift and erosion, which is controlled by fault vertical/lateral propagation and segment linkage, fault geometry, climate condition and lithology. Previous studies found that the higher the uplift rate is, the greater number of wind gaps form, and the variation of the uplift rate is also critical to the sustainability of transverse rivers. Lateral propagation and linkage of several separate folds in fold-and-thrust belts will lead to defeat of streams and diversion into a trunk drainage; if the trunk is still unable to keep pace with uplift, water gap will be abandoned and left as a wind gap. For lateral propagation of an anticline associated with development of tear faults, the locations of wind/water gaps are likely to coincide with the trace of tear fault and it's not quite clear about the relation between tear faulting and stream deflection. Nonzero dip of the underlying detachment induces a lateral surface slope in the direction of fault propagation, which in turn makes rivers deflection more efficient. Climate and rock erodibility control the water/sediment discharge, and further influence river transport/incision capacity. The changing climate and rock erodibility conditions enable river to abandon the current waterway to create a wind gap unless they could down-cut through a growing fold. However, the role of climate cycle in the formation of wind gap is still controversial. In addition, wind gaps are commonly developed along the divides where parts of longitudinal river have been captured by transverse catchments. Generally, the development of transverse drainages and the formation of wind gaps in nature are result from a combination of tectonic and fluvial process. The wind gap pattern and transverse drainage evolution in fold-and-thrust belts contain plenty of information on fault growth, interaction between tectonic uplift and fluvial erosion, and development of sedimentary basin. Such researches have significant implications in geomorphology, seismic hazard assessment and hydrocarbon exploration. However, there are still many knowledge gaps on the study of transverse river evolution in active fold areas. First, adequate chronology and geomorphic/strata mark to quantify fold growth and erosion is commonly not available, which leads to a poorly constrained rate in both river incision and lateral propagation of growing folds. In addition, more geological and geomorphological processes could influence the evolution of transverse drainages. For examples, (1)during the formation of a young range or anticline, the mechanism of fault-related folding may change over time, e.g. from fault-propagation folding to surface breaking; (2)Besides the knickpoint retreat in downstream, efficient lateral planation and downstream sweep erosion are also important in understanding the erosion of folds by rivers flowing through it. These processes make the development of transverse drainage across folds more complex and should be considered in more comprehensive models. There are lots of rivers originating from the Tibetan plateau and cutting through young surrounding mountains. These surrounding mountains, such as Qilian Mountains, Tianshan Mountains and Longmen Mountains, are ideal areas for the study of transverse river evolution and wind gap formation. In the end, combining with the geological and geomorphological features of the Heli Shan-Jintanan Shan, north of Hexi Corridor, we propose that the Heihe River has experienced deflection, beveling and incision since Mid Pleistocene. These processes have led to 1)the formation of a wind gap on the western Heli Shan, 2)a layer of fluvial gravels from the Qilian Shan preserved on the top surface of the Jintanan Shan, and overlying angular unconformity upon older strata, and 3)the incision of the Heihe River to form the Zhengyi Gorge through the linked structure between Heli Shan and Jintanan Shan. Thus, we propose a general model for the development of transverse drainages in the central Hexi Corridor: deflection-beveling-incision.  相似文献   

江宁台井下地电阻率变化初步分析     

樊晓春  李伟  鲍海英  董淼  吴帆  袁慎杰 《中国地震》2020,36(3):594-606

江宁台附近地铁可能对地电阻率观测的干扰较大，通过提取江宁台井下地电阻率夜间数据来分析其变化并探讨机理。结果表明：①江宁台井下地电阻率具备一定地表浅层抑制干扰能力，主要干扰源为地铁；②夜间1~3时数据突跳与地铁不定期维护有关；③井下地电阻率观测NS（AB=1000m）和NS（AB=200m）2018年10月开始出现快速下降变化后，江宁台周围地震强度明显增强，认为该变化与S340公路金属护栏无关；④井下地电阻率长趋势下降变化与周围深井水位变化一致，反映了周围区域应力调整的变化；⑤井下地电阻率观测EW（AB=200m）在安徽无为M_L 4.1地震前出现的"U"型变化与新建S340公路无关；⑥江宁台井下地电阻率共观测到5次"U"型变化，认为与地震有关的可能性较大。  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯奥陶纪古构造   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

冯增昭  鲍志东  康祺发  张永生  谭健  李振亚  庞福民  赵学仁 《古地理学报》1999,1(3):83-94

用野外露头剖面、钻井剖面和地震剖面相结合的研究方法,对鄂尔多斯地区奥陶系213条共长8317 km的地震剖面行了重新处理和地层解释,这大大提高了解释精度。以此为基础,把鄂尔多斯奥陶系划分为10个地层单位,即冶里组、亮甲山组、马家沟一组、马家沟二组、马家沟三组、马家沟四组、马家沟五组、马家沟六组、平凉组和背锅山组,并绘制了它们的等厚图。从这些图可以看出,冶里期和亮甲山期的古构造格局为“一隆三凹”,即西缘凹陷、南缘凹陷和东缘凹陷呈“U”字形包围着一个中部隆起。到马家沟一期至六期,“一隆三凹”的古构造格局仍然基本上保持着,尽管其隆起和凹陷的形状、大小和位置均有所变化。到平凉期,古构造格局为“一隆二凹”,即西缘凹陷和南缘凹陷呈“L”形镶嵌在一个巨大的鄂尔多斯隆起的西缘和南缘。到背锅山期,古构造格局为“一隆一凹”,即一个残留的西南缘凹陷位于一个更加庞大的鄂尔多斯隆起的西南缘一隅。到奥陶纪末,鄂尔多斯地区以及整个的华北地台均变为隆起区,从而结束了鄂尔多斯地区隆起与凹陷并存的古构造格局。  相似文献   

太阳光球磁场的螺度     

包曙东  张洪起 《紫金山天文台台刊》1999,18(2):117-119

本文首先给出了近两年来我们在太阳活动区光球电流螺度的观测与研究中所取得的一些最新结果。其次,我们也展望了太阳第２３ 周峰年期间有关磁螺度研究的若干课题  相似文献   

淮河流域洪涝变化混沌演化特征研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

周寅康  包浩生  张捷 《地球信息科学学报》1999,1(2):7-11

本文在淮河流域洪涝变化分形特征、吸引子维数研究的基础上,以相空间重构为理论,通过Lyaponov指数论证了淮河流域洪涝变化的混沌性和耗散性,分析了洪涝变化的混沌演化特征.  相似文献   

土地利用动态变化研究方法探讨   总被引：910，自引：22，他引：888  

王秀兰  包玉海 《地理科学进展》1999,18(1):81-87

本文从全球变化的研究热点--“土地利用/土地覆盖变化”的涵义及研究内容出发,概括分析了土地利用变化研究的方法-土地利用变化模型的建立,阐述了各类模型的涵义及在土地利用变化研究中的意义,并重点介绍了定量研究土地利用动态变化的几种模型-（1）土地资源数量变化模型;（2）土地资源生态背景质量变化模型;（3）土地利用程度变化模型;（4）土地利用变化区域差异模型;（5）土地利用空间变化模型;（6）土地需求量预测模型。  相似文献   

鄂西鹤峰地区上二叠统大隆组页岩储层特征及资源潜力     

王登  余江浩  陈威  周向辉  张焱林  许露露  周豹  冷双梁  黄佳琪 《华南地质与矿产》2020,36(1):9-18

在野外地质调查基础上,通过有机地化测试、物性研究和扫描电镜等方法,对鄂西鹤峰地区泥页岩储层及资源潜力进行了研究。结果表明:(1)鹤峰地区大隆组形成于台盆相,岩性以硅质页岩、炭质页岩为主,厚度为47.5～53.9 m。(2)目的层泥页岩具有“有机质丰度高、热演化程度高”等特征,TOC含量平均为6.03%,Ro平均为2.40%,脆性矿物含量平均为81.0%。(3)岩石中吸附气含量较高,质量体积平均为2.08 m3/t,埋深小于2000 m,具有良好的勘探前景。(4)采用叠合法预测出鹤峰茅坪-石灰窑和鹤峰太平-咸盈一带为页岩气勘探有利区,用概率体积法估算页岩气地质资源量(P50)分别约为303.56×108m3和533.33×108m3。该研究成果可为鄂西鹤峰地区大隆组页岩气勘探提供借鉴。  相似文献   

南极大陆超高温变质作用及其大地构造背景     

王伟  赵越  魏春景  刘晓春  陈龙耀  保红  刘昕淑  曹译文 《地质学报》2022,96(9):3102-3119

超高温变质作用对认识大地构造- 热演化以及地壳成分分异等具有重要意义。南极大陆发育典型的超高温变质作用，分布于不同的构造域。主要的超高温地质单元包括内皮尔杂岩、茹尔（赖于尔）群岛、拉斯曼丘陵、吕措- 霍尔姆杂岩以及席尔马赫丘陵等。不同地质单元的超高温变质作用分布规模不同，恩德比地内皮尔杂岩的超高温变质作用分布广泛（～15000 km2），而席尔马赫丘陵等地的超高温变质作用分布有限，超高温变质作用规模与出露特征的不同可能暗示了不同的成因机制与热源。各超高温地质单元中发育丰富多样的超高温矿物组合，如假蓝宝石+石英组合、斜方辉石+矽线石组合、尖晶石+石英组合以及含大隅石、刚玉、三元长石或富Al斜方辉石的矿物组合，在变质基性岩中还发育石榴子石+单斜辉石+斜长石±高钛角闪石等矿物组合。丰富多样的矿物组合为研究超高温变质作用矿物反应机制提供了重要基础。不同超高温地质单元，乃至同一超高温地质单元内不同区域的P- T- t轨迹类型不同，如有些超高温变质作用具有显著的近等温减压轨迹，而有些超高温变质作用主要记录近等压降温轨迹，反映了不同的演化历史或构造背景。南极大陆超高温变质作用可分5个期次，包括中太古代晚期（2850 Ma），新太古代末期—古元古代早期（2585～2450 Ma），新元古代早期（格林维尔期，约1000～900 Ma？），新元古代晚期（泛非期早期，650～605 Ma）和新元古代末期—早古生代（泛非期晚期，570～500 Ma），与超大陆（或超级克拉通）演化存在密切联系。不同的超高温变质作用可能与板块构造演化的不同阶段有关，如弧后盆地或造山带垮塌阶段等；但超高温变质作用并不局限于现今板块构造体制。南极大陆多数超高温地质单元的研究程度还相对较低，对其矿物反应机制、变质演化轨迹、形成时代及持续时间、熔融反应及熔体成分演化等还缺乏深入认识，制约了对这些超高温变质作用的热源、动力学机制和构造背景等的准确解释，将来需要加强研究。  相似文献   

Spectroscopic observations of PU vulpeculae and its binary nature     

Zong-li Li  Xiang-liang Hao  Bao Mei 《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》1986,10(4):272-277

The peculiar nova-like star PU Vul was observed spectroscopically from 1981 Sept 12 to 1983 Dec 11 at Yunnan Observatory and Beijing Observatory. In 1981 Sept, the star showed an absorption spectrum of the Balmer lines, the H,K and D lines, and some FeII, SrII and TiII lines. H was seen in emission in 1982 Oct and Hβ, in 1983 Sept. Both emissions were enhanced in 1983 Oct. and then dimmed since 1983 Nov. On 1983 Dec 11, Hβ might be absent, but the H was still visible. The spectral type was similar to that of an F giant during this period. This object may be an exceptionally slow nova and a binary consisting of an M giant and a hot companion.  相似文献   

山西娄烦变质岩中蓝晶石、十字石和红柱石的特征及形成条件     

卢保奇  王赐银 《上海国土资源》2003,14(3):56-60

通过电子探针成分分析和矿物共生组合分析,利用地质温度计估算十字石、蓝晶石和红柱石的形成温压条件,以揭示十字石、蓝晶石和红柱石的形成与本区西川河断裂区域变质作用的关系。研究结果表明:本区西川河断裂以北地区出露的十字石和蓝晶石形成条件受压力控制(P=5.5-7Kpa),变质温度为520-550℃;而西川河断裂以南地区出露的红柱石的形成条件主要受温度控制(T=570-600℃),压力小于3Kpa。西川河断裂控制了南北地区的变质条件,进而控制了特征变质矿物十字石、蓝晶石和红柱石的空间分布。  相似文献