Enhancing the relevance of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways for climate change impacts,adaptation and vulnerability research   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Bas J. van Ruijven  Marc A. Levy  Arun Agrawal  Frank Biermann  Joern Birkmann  Timothy R. Carter  Kristie L. Ebi  Matthias Garschagen  Bryan Jones  Roger Jones  Eric Kemp-Benedict  Marcel Kok  Kasper Kok  Maria Carmen Lemos  Paul L. Lucas  Ben Orlove  Shonali Pachauri  Tom M. Parris  Anand Patwardhan  Arthur Petersen  Benjamin L. Preston  Jesse Ribot  Dale S. Rothman  Vanessa J. Schweizer 《Climatic change》2014,122(3):481-494

This paper discusses the role and relevance of the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and the new scenarios that combine SSPs with representative concentration pathways (RCPs) for climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability (IAV) research. It first provides an overview of uses of social–environmental scenarios in IAV studies and identifies the main shortcomings of earlier such scenarios. Second, the paper elaborates on two aspects of the SSPs and new scenarios that would improve their usefulness for IAV studies compared to earlier scenario sets: (i) enhancing their applicability while retaining coherence across spatial scales, and (ii) adding indicators of importance for projecting vulnerability. The paper therefore presents an agenda for future research, recommending that SSPs incorporate not only the standard variables of population and gross domestic product, but also indicators such as income distribution, spatial population, human health and governance.  相似文献   

Calcium,Na, K and Mg Concentrations in Seawater by Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Atomic Emission Spectrometry: Applications to IAPSO Seawater Reference Material,Hydrothermal Fluids and Synthetic Seawater Solutions     

Philippe Besson  Jefferson Degboe  Benjamin Berge  Valérie Chavagnac  Sébastien Fabre  Gilles Berger 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2014,38(3):355-362

We report a measurement procedure to determine simultaneously the major cation concentrations (Na, Ca, K and Mg) of seawater‐derived solutions by inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry. The best results were obtained when the IAPSO (‘standard’) seawater reference material was diluted by thirty times with Milli‐Q^® water. We obtained an average reference value r_K (the ratio of the mass fraction of potassium to that of chlorine, i.e., (g kg^?1)/(g kg^?1)) for IAPSO seawater of 0.0205 ± 0.0006 (2.9% RSD), not significantly different from 0.0206 ± 0.0005 (2.4% RSD) for seawater composition reported in the literature. The measured Na, Ca and Mg concentrations correspond to r_Na, r_Ca and r_Mg values of 0.5406 ± 0.0026 (0.5% RSD), 0.02192 ± 0.00048 (2.2% RSD) and 0.06830 ± 0.00047 (0.7% RSD), respectively, in line with previous values measured by wet‐chemistry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry or wet‐chemical titration. Our measurement procedure was used successfully on synthetic seawater solutions and high‐temperature hydrothermal fluids.  相似文献   

Overstepping the garnet isograd: a comparison of QuiG barometry and thermodynamic modeling     

Frank?S.?SpearEmail author  Jay?B.?Thomas  Benjamin?W.?Hallett 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2014,168(3):1059

The consequences of overstepping the garnet isograd reaction have been investigated by comparing the composition of garnet formed at overstepped P–T conditions (the overstep or “OS” model) with the P–T conditions that would be inferred by assuming garnet nucleated in equilibrium with the matrix assemblage at the isograd (the equilibrium or “EQ” model). The garnet nucleus composition formed at overstepped conditions is calculated as the composition that produces the maximum decrease in Gibbs free energy from the equilibrated, garnet-absent, matrix assemblage for the bulk composition under study. Isopleths were then calculated for this garnet nucleus composition assuming equilibrium with the matrix assemblage (the EQ model). Comparison of the actual P–T conditions of nucleation (the OS model) with those inferred from the EQ model reveals considerable discrepancy between the two. In general, the inferred garnet nucleation P–T conditions (the EQ model) are at a lower temperature and higher or lower pressure (depending on the coexisting calcic phase(s)) than the actual (OS model) nucleation conditions. Moreover, the degree of discrepancy increases with the degree of overstepping. Independent estimates of the pressure of nucleation of garnet were made using the Raman shift of quartz inclusions in garnet (quartz-in-garnet or QuiG barometry). To test the validity of this method, an experimental synthesis of garnet containing quartz inclusions was made at 800 °C, 20 kbar, and the measured Raman shift reproduced the synthesis conditions to within 120 bars. Raman band shifts from three natural samples were then used to calculate an isochore along which garnet was presumed to have nucleated. Model calculations were made at several temperatures along this isochore (the OS model), and these P–T conditions were compared to those computed assuming equilibrium nucleation (the EQ model) to estimate the degree of overstepping displayed by these samples. A sample from the garnet isograd in eastern Vermont is consistent with overstepping of around 10 degrees and 0.6 kbar (affinities of around 2 kJ/mole garnet). A sample from the staurolite–kyanite zone in the same terrane requires overstepping of around 50 °C and 2–5 kbar (affinities of around 10–18 kJ/mole garnet). A similar amount of overstepping was inferred for a blueschist sample from Sifnos, Greece. These results indicate that overstepping of garnet nucleation reactions may be common and pronounced in regionally metamorphosed terranes, and that the P–T conditions and paths inferred from garnet zoning studies may be egregiously in error.  相似文献   

Thermal and rheological controls on the formation of mafic enclaves or banded pumice     

Benjamin?J.?AndrewsEmail author  Michael?Manga 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2014,167(1):961

Magma mixing can occur in a fluid manner to produce banded pumice or in a brittle manner to form enclaves. We propose that the critical control on mixing style is a competition between developing networks of crystals in the intruding magma that impart a strength to the magma and melting and disrupting those networks in the host. X-ray computed tomography analysis demonstrates that banded pumice from the 1915 Mt. Lassen eruption lacks crystal networks. In contrast, rhyodacite hosts with mafic enclaves from Chaos Crags contain well-developed networks of large crystals. We present a one-dimensional conductive cooling model that predicts mixing style, either ductile or brittle, as a function of magma compositions, temperatures, and the size of the intruding dike. Our model relies on three assumptions: (1) Mixing is initiated by the injection of a hot dike into a cooler magma body with a yield strength; (2) when magma crystallinity exceeds a critical value, 13 vol% plagioclase, the magma develops a yield strength; and (3) when total crystallinity exceeds 40 vol%, the magma has a penetrative crystal network and is effectively solid. Importantly, because the two magmas are of different compositions, their crystallinities and viscosities do not have the same variations with temperature. As the intruding magma cools, it crystallizes from the outside in, while simultaneously, host magma temperature near the intruder rises. Mixing of the two magmas begins when the host magma is heated sufficiently to (1) disrupt the crystal network and (2) initiate convection. If the shear stress exerted by the convecting host magma on the dike is greater than the yield strength of the dike margin (and dike crystallinity does not exceed 40 %), then fluid mixing occurs, otherwise enclaves form by brittle deformation of the dike. Application of the model to magma compositions representative of Lassen and Chaos Crags shows that emplacement of dikes <1 m thick should produce enclaves, whereas thicker dikes should generate fluid mixing and form banded pumice within days to weeks of emplacement. Similar relationships apply to other modeled magmatic systems, including Pinatubo, Unzen, and Ksudach/Shtuybel’ volcanoes. For all studied systems, the absolute size of the intruding dike, not just its proportion relative to the host, influences mixing style.  相似文献   

Pauling bond strength, bond length and electron density distribution     

G. V. Gibbs  N. L. Ross  D. F. Cox  K. M. Rosso  B. B. Iversen  M. A. Spackman 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2014,41(1):17-25

The power law regression equation, <R(M–O)> = 1.46(<ρ(r _c)>/r)^?0.19, relating the average experimental bond lengths, <R(M–O)>, to the average accumulation of the electron density at the bond critical point, <ρ(r _c)>, between bonded pairs of metal and oxygen atoms (r is the row number of the M atom), determined at ambient conditions for oxide crystals, is similar to the regression equation R(M–O) = 1.41(ρ(r _c)/r)^?0.21 determined for three perovskite crystals at pressures as high as 80 GPa. The pair are also comparable with the equation <R(M–O)> = 1.43(<s>/r)^?0.21 determined for oxide crystals at ambient conditions and <R(M–O)> = 1.39(<s>/r)^?0.22 determined for geometry-optimized hydroxyacid molecules that relate the geometry-optimized bond lengths to the average Pauling bond strength, <s>, for the M–O bonded interactions. On the basis of the correspondence between the equations relating <ρ(r _c)> and <s> with bond length, it seems plausible that the Pauling bond strength might serve a rough estimate of the accumulation of the electron density between M–O bonded pairs of atoms. Similar expressions, relating bond length and bond strength hold for fluoride, nitride and sulfide molecules and crystals. The similarity of the expressions for the crystals and molecules is compelling evidence that molecular and crystalline M–O bonded interactions are intrinsically related. The value of <ρ(r _c)> = r[(1.41)/<R(M–O)>]^4.76 determined for the average bond length for a given coordination polyhedron closely matches the Pauling’s electrostatic bond strength reaching each the coordinating anions of the coordinated polyhedron. Despite the relative simplicity of the expression, it appears to be more general in its application in that it holds for the bulk of the M–O bonded pairs of atoms of the periodic table.  相似文献   

Non‐intrusive global/local analysis for the study of fine cracking     

Cécile Oliver‐Leblond  Arnaud Delaplace  Frédéric Ragueneau  Benjamin Richard 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(8):973-992

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Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Environmental Monitoring Data     

D. Lauren Ross 《Ground water》1997,35(6):1050-1057

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Northwest Africa 1500: Plagioclase‐bearing monomict ureilite or ungrouped achondrite?     

Cyrena Anne Goodrich  Frank Wlotzka  D. Kent Ross  Rainer Bartoschewitz 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2006,41(6):925-952

Abstract— Northwest Africa (NWA) 1500 is an ultramafic meteorite dominated by coarse (?100–500 μm) olivine (95–96%), augite (2–3%), and chromite (0.6–1.6%) in an equilibrated texture. Plagioclase (0.7–1.8%) occurs as poikilitic grains (up to ?3 mm) in vein‐like areas that have concentrations of augite and minor orthopyroxene. Other phases are Cl‐apatite, metal, sulfide, and graphite. Olivine ranges from Fo 65–73, with a strong peak at Fo 68–69. Most grains are reversezoned, and also have ?10–30 μm reduction rims. In terms of its dominant mineralogy and texture, NWA 1500 resembles the majority of monomict ureilites. However, it is more ferroan than known ureilites (Fo ≥75) and other mineral compositional parameters are out of the ureilite range as well. Furthermore, neither apatite nor plagioclase have ever been observed, and chromite is rare in monomict ureilites. Nevertheless, this meteorite may be petrologically related to the rare augite‐bearing ureilites and represent a previously unsampled part of the ureilite parent body (UPB). The Mn/Mg ratio of its olivine and textural features of its pyroxenes are consistent with this interpretation. However, its petrogenesis differs from that of known augite‐bearing ureilites in that: 1) it formed under more oxidized conditions; 2) plagioclase appeared before orthopyroxene in its crystallization sequence; and 3) it equilibrated to significantly lower temperatures (800–1000 °C, from two‐pyroxene and olivine‐chromite thermometry). Formation under more oxidized conditions and the appearance of plagioclase before orthopyroxene could be explained if it formed at a greater depth on the UPB than previously sampled. However, its significantly different thermal history (compared to ureilites) may more plausibly be explained if it formed on a different parent body. This conclusion is consistent with its oxygen isotopic composition, which suggests that it is an ungrouped achondrite. Nevertheless, the parent body of NWA 1500 may have been compositionally and petrologically similar to the UPB, and may have had a similar differentiation history.  相似文献   

Orbit Determination of Binary Asteroids     

Daniel Hestroffer  Frédéric Vachier  Benjamin Balat 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2005,97(3-4):245-260

In addition to the detection of an asteroid moon or a binary asteroid, the knowledge of the satellite’s true orbit is of high importance to derive fundamental physical parameters of the binary system such as its mass and to shed light on its possible formation history and dynamical evolution (prograde/retrograde orbit, large/small eccentricity or inclination, etc.). A new methodology for preliminary orbit determination of binary asteroids – and visual binaries in general – is proposed. It is based on Thiele–Innes method combined with a ‘trial and error’ Monte-Carlo technique. This method provides the full set of solutions (bundle of orbits, with the 7 orbital elements) even for a reduced number of observations. The mass is a direct by-product of this orbit determination, from which one can next infer the bulk-density and porosity. In addition to the bundle of orbits, the method provides the marginal probability densities of the foreseen parameters. Such error analysis – since it avoids linear approximation – can be of importance for the prediction of the satellite’s position in the plane-of-sky during future stellar occultations or subsequent observations, but also for the analysis of the orbit’s secular evolution. After briefly describing the method, we present the algorithm and its application to some practical cases, with particular emphasis on asteroids binaries and applications on orbital evolution.  相似文献   

Layering stratigraphy of eastern Coprates and northern Capri Chasmata, Mars     

Ross A. Beyer  Alfred S. McEwen 《Icarus》2005,179(1):1-23

Distinct competent layers are observed in the slopes of eastern Coprates Chasma, part of the Valles Marineris system on Mars. Our observations indicate that the stratigraphy of Coprates Chasma consists of alternating thin strong layers and thicker sequences of relatively weak layers. The strong, competent layers maintain steeper slopes and play a major role in controlling the overall shape and geomorphology of the chasmata slopes. The topmost competent layer in this area is well preserved and easy to identify in outcrops on the northern rim of Coprates Chasma less than 100 m below the southern Ophir Planum surface. The volume of the topmost emplaced layer is at least 70 km³ and may be greater than 2100 km³ if the unit underlies most of Ophir Planum. The broad extent of this layer allows us to measure elevation offsets within the north rim of the chasma and in a freestanding massif within Coprates Chasma where the layer is also observed. Rim outcrop morphology and elevation differences between Ophir and Aurorae Plana may be indicative of the easternmost extent of the topmost competent layer. These observations allow an insight into the depositional processes that formed the stratigraphic stack into which this portion of the Valles Marineris is carved, and they present a picture of some of the last volcanic activity in this area. Furthermore, the elevation offsets within the layer are evidence of significant subsidence of the massif and surrounding material.  相似文献