This study aims at understanding the physico-chemical interactions between the saturated brine and the rocks enclosing the
underground salt workings in Lorraine (eastern France). These anhydrite-rich and argillaceous rocks were characterized in
terms of mineralogy, micro-texture and connected porosity. Then, the two main lithofacies, massive anhydrite and anhydrite-rich
argillite, were immersed in brine during more than 1 year. During this batch experiment, the argillites were affected by macroscopic
splitting, contrarily to the massive anhydrite. Micro-texture and brine chemical analyses clearly show the swelling due to
the hydration of anhydrite into gypsum inside the argillites, whereas hydration occurs superficially on the massive anhydrite,
due to its very low permeability. Anhydrite–gypsum transformation is promoted by the presence of dissolved strontium and potassium
in saturated brine. The low activity of water in saturated brine does not allow the clay fraction to swell significantly during
the experiment. Thus, the expansion resulting from the hydration of anhydrite into gypsum might be responsible of the splitting
of argillite in a saturated brine environment. The superficial anhydrite hydration on massive anhydrite can be explained by
the low amount of connected porosity (less than 1%). 相似文献
The Early Palaeozoic Orogen of SE China consists of three litho-tectonic elements, from top to bottom: a sedimentary Upper Unit, a metamorphic Lower Unit and a gneissic basement. The boundaries between these units are flat lying, south directed, ductile decollements. The lower one is coeval with an amphibolite facies metamorphism (M1). The belt is reworked by migmatite–granite domes, high-temperature metamorphism (M2) and granitic plutons related to post-orogenic crustal melting. We date here the syn-M1 ductile shearing at 453 ± 7 Ma by U-Th/Pb method on monazite. Previous ages and our new 40Ar/39Ar ages of biotites and muscovites show that the metamorphic rocks experienced syn-M2 exhumation from 440 to 400 Ma. The Early Palaeozoic Orogen of SE China is an intracontinental belt in which decollements accommodated the north-directed subduction of the Cathaysian continent. This orogen is an example of intracontinental subduction that was not preceded by oceanic subduction. 相似文献
Laser-probe dating of mylonite whole-rock samples from the North Tianshan—Main Tianshan fault zone that cross-cuts the North
Tianshan domain’s southern margin yielded 40Ar/39Ar spectra with 255–285 Ma ages. Biotite from an undeformed, Early Carboniferous granite, which cuts the steep mylonitic foliation
in the Proterozoic basement of the Yili arcs’s southern margin, gave a 263.4 ± 0.6 Ma plateau age (1σ). Pre-Carboniferous
metasediments overlying this basement yielded plateau ages (1σ) of 253.3 ± 0.3 (muscovite) and 252.3 ± 0.3 (biotite) Ma. The
Permian ages of mylonites date movement on these ductile, dextral strike-slip shear zones, whereas the mica ages are interpreted
by recrystallisation as a result of fluid flow around such transcurrent faults. We propose that the Tianshan’s Permian syn-tectonic
bimodal magmatism was created in a non-plume-related Yellowstone-like extensional–transtensional tectonic regime. Gold mineralisation,
tracing aqueous flow in the crust, peaked in Permian time and continued locally into the Triassic. The picture is emerging
that a convective fluid system partly driven by magmatic heat, existed in a strongly fractured and weakened crust with an
elevated heat flow, leading to regional-scale isotope resetting. We suggest that surprisingly young isotopic ages in the literature
for early orogenic (ultra)high-pressure metamorphism are similarly due to fluid-mediated recrystallisation. 相似文献
Southern India and Sri-Lanka are the places where "incipient charnockites",i.e.the local transformation of amphibolite-facies gneisses into orthopyroxene-bearing,igneous looking charnockites,have been discovered in the early sixties.The fact that some incipient charnockites occur along a network of brittle fractures,together with CO_2 remnants preserved in mineral inclusions,had called for the role of fluids during charnockite alteration.The present work presents new observations on fluid inclusions and microtextures of incipient charnockites from type localities in southern India.In addition to CO_2-rich fluid inclusions in quartz and feldspar,all of the occurrences have disrupted remnants of concentrated aqueous alkali chloride solutions.CO_2 inclusions are more abundant in paragneiss(Kerala)than in orthogneiss(Karnataka/Tamil Nadu).The finding of disrupted brine inclusions in the Kabbal charnockite is a key link between closely associated massive charnockites and Closepet Granite,both of which also share the brine remnants.All of the occurrences studied here have feldspar or feldspar-quartz microvein networks along grain boundaries of recrystallized quartz,feldspar and orthopyroxene.These metasomatic veins again indicate the action of alkali-exchanging fluids(i.e.,saline solutions).Feldspar microveins,which have been found in most "massive" charnockites,along with the CO_2-rich fluid inclusions,suggest a commonality of incipient charnockite and massive charnockite,both types differing in intensity of interaction with metasomatizing pore fluids. 相似文献
The characterization of model errors is an essential step for effective data assimilation into open-ocean and shelf-seas models.
In this paper, we propose an experimental protocol to properly estimate the error statistics generated by imperfect atmospheric
forcings in a regional model of the Bay of Biscay, nested in a basin-scale North Atlantic configuration. The model used is
the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), and the experimental protocol involves Monte Carlo (or ensemble) simulations. The
spatial structure of the model error is analyzed using the representer technique, which allows us to anticipate the subsequent
impact in data assimilation systems. The results show that the error is essentially anisotropic and inhomogeneous, affecting
mainly the model layers close to the surface. Even when the forcings errors are centered around zero, a divergence is observed
between the central forecast and the mean forecast of the Monte Carlo simulations as a result of nonlinearities. The 3D structure
of the representers characterizes the capacity of different types of measurement (sea level, sea surface temperature, surface
velocities, subsurface temperature, and salinity) to control the circulation. Finally, data assimilation experiments demonstrate
the superiority of the proposed methodology for the implementation of reduced-order Kalman filters. 相似文献
To gain insight into the inelastic behavior of piles, the response of a vertical pile embedded in dry sand and subjected to cyclic lateral loading was studied experimentally in centrifuge tests conducted in Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées. Three types of cyclic loading were applied, two asymmetric and one symmetric with respect to the unloaded pile. An approximately square-root variation of soil stiffness with depth was obtained from indirect in-flight density measurements, laboratory tests on re... 相似文献
During the paleozoic,the Northern Tianshan region of China in Central Asia consists of 7 allochthonous terranes which were situated in the ancient sino-Mongolian Ocean as volcanic arcs and splitted continental fragments.The tectonic framework was similar to that of Southwest pacific today,In the Late Paleozoic,these terranes started mutual amalgamation to cause strong thrusting.At thd end of Carboniferous,the Sino-mongolian ocean including several inter-terrane small sea basins closed and these terranes accreted on the margins of the Siberian and Tarim continents,The 6 ophiolitic zones zomong the terranes recorded this collision event. 相似文献
Suspended matter (SM) from the Nyong basin (Cameroon, Africa), a tropical watershed, was collected by tangential flow ultrafiltration to separate particulate (>0.45 μm) and colloidal (<0.45 μm; >20 kDa) fractions. In this basin, two distinctive systems in a selected small catchment (Nsimi–Zoétélé) of the Nyong river basin have been considered: (i) colourless water (groundwater and spring) with a low suspended load (<3 mg/l) and a low total organic carbon content (TOC<1 mg/l) and (ii) coloured water (Mengong brook and Nyong river), which is organic rich (TOC>10 mg/l) and contains higher amounts of SM (10–20 mg/l) than the colourless water. Freeze-dried samples of SM have been analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), and visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS).
Colourless water mainly contains mineral phases, such as poorly ordered kaolinite, plus quartz and goethite in the particulate fraction, and euhedral kaolinite plus amorphous iron oxyhydroxides in the colloidal fraction. In contrast, the SM in coloured water is mainly organic in nature. The mineral phases in the particulate fraction are similar to those from clear water, but with additional phytoliths and diatom frustules composed of biogenic opal. In the colloidal fraction, complexation of Fe3+ and Mn2+ with organic matter is evidenced by EPR, together with significant occurrence of Fe oxyhydroxides associated with organic matter.
The sites of Al, Si, Fe, Mn in colloidal fractions derived from spectroscopic analyses are discussed with reference to chemical analyses performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Most of the observed solid phases or species correspond to those expected from published thermodynamic calculations for the same hydrosystem, except the colloidal iron oxyhydroxides in the coloured water. The presence of such iron phases is emphasised since they are expected to have large sorption capacities for numerous trace elements.
The crystal chemistry of SM is used to discuss the origin of the mineral particles transported from the soil to the main rivers in terms of mechanical and chemical erosion processes. 相似文献
Central Mindanao was the locus of a Pliocene (4–5 Ma old) arc–arc collision event followed by basaltic to dacitic magmatism starting at 2.3 Ma, representing the most voluminous volcanic field in the Philippines. Lava compositions range from calc-alkaline to shoshonitic. Adakites and Nb-enriched basalts are among the magmatic products. All the lavas are Na-rich (up to 4.88%), with Na2O/K2O ratios from 2.5 to 6.5. Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions are similar to MORB, except for some shoshonitic lavas that have slightly less radiogenic Nd ratios. K-enrichment in basalts can be related to both fractional crystallization (FC) at moderate pressures and to partial melting of an enriched source. Trace element systematics indicate that the sub-central Mindanao mantle is characterized by the presence of garnet, phlogopite, amphibole, and perhaps some titanate phase. The enrichment of this source is attributed to the interaction of slab-derived melts, i.e., adakites, with the arc mantle. This would explain the presence of Nb-enriched basalts, transitional adakites and high-magnesium andesites, as well as the bulk Na-enrichment and relatively unradiogenic character of the central Mindanao lavas. We envision an ion-exchange type of enrichment, in which the HFSE, LILE and LREE, mobilized during slab melting, are preferentially enriched in the metasomatized mantle, resulting in a diversity of post-collision magma compositions. The MORB-like isotopic signatures of the central Mindanao lavas preclude important contributions of slab-derived hydrous fluids, sediments, continental crust or an OIB-type contaminant. Slab melting after cessation of subduction is deemed possible by thermal rebound of previously depressed geotherms. Initial contributions to mantle enrichment in post-collision sites may thus come from slab melts. In most other cases of post-collision magmatism, however, this signature can be easily masked by enrichments coming from other sources, e.g., the continental lithosphere. 相似文献
IS THE GRENVILLE PROVINCE AN ANCIENT ANALOGUE OF THE HIMALAYAN BELT?1 All埁greCJ ,2 4others.StructureandevolutionoftheHimalayan Tibetorogenicbelt[J].Nature ,1984,30 7:17~ 2 2 .
2 BurgJP ,DavyP ,MartinodJ .Shorteningofanaloguemodelsofthecontinentallithosphere :Newhypothesisforthefor mationoftheTibetanplateau[J].Tectonics ,1994,13:475~ 483.
3 BurtmanVS ,MolnarP .GeologicalandgeophysicalevidencefordeepsubductionofcontinentalcrustbeneaththePamir[C]… 相似文献