Archeoseismic study of damage in Roman and Medieval structures in the center of Cologne, Germany     

Klaus-G. Hinzen  Stephan Schreiber  Claus Fleischer  Sharon K. Reamer  Isabel Wiosna 《Journal of Seismology》2013,17(2):399-424

The causes of damage observed in archeological records or preserved monuments are often difficult to be determined unequivocally, particularly when the possibility of secondary earthquake damage exists. Such secondary damage has been previously proposed for the Roman Praetorium, the governor’s palace in the center of Cologne. Ongoing excavations since 2007 revealed additional damage. The existing ground that has been uncovered and documented extends the affected area to 175?×?180 m. We present a comprehensive virtual model of the excavation area based on 200 3D laserscans together with a systematic analysis of the damage patterns and an improved model of the terrain during Roman/Medieval times including geotechnical parameters of the subsurface. Five locations with different damage patterns, including a Roman sewer, the octagonal central part of the Praetorium, a section with strongly inclined massive walls, a 13 m deep deformed well, a collapsed hypocaust, and damages in the Medieval mikveh are analyzed in detail. We use site-specific synthetic strong ground motion seismograms to test the possibility of earthquake-induced ground failures as a cause for the observed damage. This subsurface model is also used to test the possibility of hydraulically-induced damages by seepage and erosion of fine-grained material from stray sand. Heavy rainstorms can induce a direct stream of surface water through the fine sand layers to the ground water table. Simulated ground motion for assumed worst-case earthquake scenarios do not provoke slope instability at the level necessary to explain the structural damages.  相似文献   

The Middle Miocene to Recent Davis Strait Drift Complex: implications for Arctic�CAtlantic water exchange     

Tove Nielsen  Claus Andersen  Paul C. Knutz  Antoon Kuijpers 《Geo-Marine Letters》2011,31(5-6):419-426

A large-scale contourite drift complex has been recognised on multi-channel 2D reflection seismic data acquired in the south-eastern Davis Strait and adjacent Labrador Sea slope offshore West Greenland between 63°?C66°N. Based on well-tie data, the drift complex developed from the Middle Miocene to the Recent. It has been mapped in a wide variety of water depths ranging from about 700?m, at a NNW-ESE-elongated crest located above structural highs in the Davis Strait, to more than 2,000?m beyond the slope to the Labrador Sea. The overall drift geometry has been described by subdivision into two first-order seismic units, enabling the generation of time-isochore maps. The reflection patterns demonstrating current-related deposition are illustrated by seismic examples. The time-isochores of the two first-order seismic units show lateral changes in their depocentres: the lower unit is absent in a zone slightly displaced south-westwards of the present-day crest, indicating changes in the prevailing deepwater current system during the Early Pliocene. The observations can be explained by two alternative palaeoceanographic scenarios: (1) either the present-day oceanographic setting with Arctic?CAtlantic water exchange across the Davis Strait was largely established by the mid-Miocene, with only minor adjustments during the Early Pliocene caused by tectonic movements, or (2) it became established during the Early Pliocene as a consequence of enhanced northward flow across the Davis Strait due to lowering of the sill depth.  相似文献   

Revised stratigraphy and eruption rates of Ceboruco stratovolcano and surrounding monogenetic vents (Nayarit,Mexico) from historical documents and new radiocarbon dates     

Katrin Sieron  Claus Siebe 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

More than a dozen new radiocarbon dates reconstruct the eruptive history of Ceboruco volcano. Six of these further constrain previous results for the important plinian Jala eruption, which occurred near 1060 ± 55 yr BP. A calibrated radiocarbon age of AD 990–1020 was obtained as best overlap range for all samples. Pottery fragments found directly underneath the pumice deposit indicate that this area was inhabited by human populations that witnessed the eruption. This age therefore represents an important time marker in the prehistory of this region, because an area of > 560 km2 was devastated and covered by a thickness of > 50 cm of pumice and ash fallout.  相似文献   

Morphology and emplacement of an unusual debris-avalanche deposit at Jocotitlán volcano,Central Mexico     

Claus Siebe  Jean-Christophe Komorowski  Michael F Sheridan 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1992,54(7):573-589

A pre-historic collapse of the northeastern flank of Jocotitlán Volcano (3950 m), located in the central part of the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt, produced a debris-avalanche deposit characterized by surficial hummocks of exceptional size and conical shape. The avalanche covered an area of 80 km², had an apparent coefficient of friction (H/L)_of 0.11, a maximum runout distance of 12 km, and an estimated volume of 2.8 km³. The most remarkable features of the Jocotitlán debris avalanche deposit are: the several steep (29–32°) conical proximal hummocks (up to 165 m high), large tansverse ridges (up to 205 m high and 2.7 km long) situated at the base of the volcano, and the steep 15–50 m thick terminal scarp. Proximal conical hummocks and parallel ridges that can be visually fitted back to their pre-collapse position on the mountain resulted from a sliding mode of emplacement. Steep primary slopes developed as a result of the accumulation of coarse angular clasts at the angle of repose around core clasts that are decameters in size. Distal hummocks are commonly smaller, less conical, and clustered with more diffuse outlines. Field evidence indicates that the leading distal edge of the avalanche spilled around certain topographic barriers and that the distal moving mass had a yield strength prior to stopping. In the NE sector, the avalanche was suddenly confined by topographically higher lacustrine and volcaniclastic deposits which as a result were intensely thrust-faulted, folded, and impacted by large clasts that separated from the avalanche front. Post-emplacement loading also induced normal faulting of these soft, locally water-rich sediments. The regional tectonic pattern, N-NE direction of flank failure, and the presence of a major normal fault which intersects the volcano and is parallel to the orientation of the Acambay graben located 10 km to the N suggest a genetic relationship between the extensional tectonic stress regime and triggering of catastrophic slope failure. The presence of a 3-m-thick sequence of pumice and obsidian-rich pyroclastic surge and fall tephra directly overlying the debris-avalanche deposit indicates that magma must have been present within the edifice just prior to the catastrophic flank failure. The breached crater left by the avalanche has mostly been filled by dacitic domes and lava flows. The youngest pryroclastic surge deposits on the upper flanks of the volcano have an historical C¹⁴ age of 680±80 yearsBp (Ad 1270±80). Thus Jocotitlán volcano, formerly believed to be extinct, should be considered potentially active. Because of its close proximity to Mexico-City (60 km), the most populous city in the world, reactivation could engender severe hazards.  相似文献   

CEMETERIES AND URBAN LAND VALUE     

W. G. Hardwick  R. J. Claus  D. C. Rothwell 《The Professional geographer》1971,23(1):19-21

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Starburst99 for Windows     

Claus Leitherer  Julia Chen 《New Astronomy》2009,14(4):356-362

We present a Windows compatible version of the evolutionary synthesis code Starburst99. Starburst99 for Windows was developed from the public UNIX-based version at STScI. We converted the original Fortran77 source code into a version for a Win32 environment with an Absoft² Fortran Pro x86 compiler. Extensive testing showed no significant numerical differences in comparison with the previous UNIX version. The software application consists of the source code, executable, and a number of auxiliary files. The package installs on any PC running Windows 2000, XP, or Vista and can be obtained as freeware at http://www.stsci.edu/science/starburst/PCStarburst99.html. We give an overview of the different running modes and provide instructions for getting started with the initial set-up.  相似文献   

Impact structures and events - a Nordic perspective     

Henning Dypvik Jueri Plado Claus Heinberg Eckart Hakansson Lauri J. Pesonen Birger Schmitz Selen Raiskila 《《幕》》2008,31(1):107-114

Impact cratering is one of the fundamental processes in the formation of the Earth and our planetary system, as reflected, for example in the surfaces of Mars and the Moon. The Earth has been covered by a comparable number of impact scars, but due to active geological processes, weathering, sea floor spreading etc, the number of preserved and recognized impact craters on the Earth are limited. The study of impact structures is consequently of great importance in our understanding of the formation of the Earth and the planets, and one way we directly, on the Earth, can study planetary geology.
The Nordic-Baltic area have about thirty confirmed impact structures which makes it one of the most densely crater-populated terrains on Earth. The high density of identified craters is due to the level of research activity, coupled with a deterministic view of what we look for. In spite of these results, many Nordic structures are poorly understood due to the lack of 3D-geophysical interpretations, isotopeor other dating efforts and better knowledge of the amount of erosion and subsequent tectonic modifications.
The Nordic and Baltic impact community is closely collaborating in several impact-related projects and the many researchers （about forty） and PhD students （some seventeen） promise that this level will continue for many more years. The main topics of research include geological, geophysical and geochemical studies in combination with modeling and impact experiments. Moreover, the Nordic and Baltic crust contains some hundred suspect structures which call for detailed analysis to define their origin.
New advanced methods of analyzing geophysical information in combination with detailed geochemical analyses and numerical modeling will be the future basic occupation of the impact scientists of the region. The unique Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary （K-T） occurrences in Denmark form an important source of information in explaining one of the major mass extinctions on Earth.  相似文献   

The Tertiary of Norden     

Erik S. Rasmussen Claus Heilmann-Clausen Regin Waagstein Tor Eidvin 《《幕》》2008,31(1):66-72

This chapter provides a lithostratigraphic correlation and the present knowledge of the depositional history of the Tertiary succession of the Scandinavian countries. The succession records an initial phase of carbonate deposition in the early Paleocene. This was succeeded by deposition of deep marine clays with intercalation of sand-rich mass-flow deposits during most of the Paleocene and Eocene. Volcanic activity in the North Atlantic was extensive at the transition from the Paleocene to the Eocene resulting in widespread sedimentation of ash-rich layers in the North Sea area. During the Oligocene, the first prograding deltaic complex developed, sourced from the Fennoscandian Shield. Late Oligocene-Early Miocene inversion and uplift of Norway and the Shetland Platform resulted in major progradation of coastal and delta plain systems. At the end of the Tertiary most of the North Sea basin was filled and the Fennoscandian Shield was flanked to the west by a broad, coalesced coastal plain.  相似文献   

The structure of the crust and upper mantle in the Dead Sea rift     

Avihu Ginzburg  Jannis Makris  Karl Fuchs  Claus Prodehl 《Tectonophysics》1981,80(1-4)

The previously published results of a deep seismic refraction study of the Dead Sea—Gulf of Elat rift show crustal thinning underneath the rift and the presence of a 5 km thick velocity transition zone in the lower crust along the rift. The structural interpretation of the first-arrival data was revised using the detailed velocity-depth distribution.The revised crustal thicknesses are 35 km near Elat and 27 km, 160 km south of Elat.The crustal thinning and the presence of the velocity transition zone are interpreted as being the result of intrusion of upper mantle material into the lower crust, possibly representing the initial shape of the processes which have been active further south in the Red Sea since earlier times.  相似文献   

Seismic investigation of crust-mantle transition in continental rift systems - Jordan-Dead Sea rift and Rhinegraben     

Bertram Perathoner  Karl Fuchs  Claus Prodehl  Avihu Ginzburg 《Tectonophysics》1981,80(1-4):121-133

The recent acquisition of high-quality seismic refraction data in the Jordan—Dead Sea rift and adjacent areas has made possible the investigation of the dynamic properties of seismic P-waves refracted and reflected at the crust—upper mantle boundary.

These waves cause high-amplitude arrivals near the outer cusp of the travel-time curve which are followed by an abrupt decrease in amplitudes at increasing distances beyond the cusp.

It has been shown that such amplitude distributions can only be the result of a smooth rapid increase of velocity with depth. In the case of the Jordan—Dead Sea rift the amplitude distribution indicates the presence of a transition zone between the lower crust and upper mantle in which the velocity increases smoothly. The interpretation of seismic refraction data in the Rhinegraben indicates the existence of a similar transition zone. In both rifts the crust—mantle boundary outside the rift is represented by sharp velocity discontinuity.

The comparison of the velocity structure of the crust—upper mantle boundary suggests that a smooth transition zone at the base of the lower crust is a characteristic property of continental rifts which could be interpreted in terms of crust—mantle interaction.  相似文献