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151.
152.
Takashi Furumura Shunsuke Takemura Shinako Noguchi Teito Takemoto Takuto Maeda Kazuhisa Iwai Simanchal Padhy 《Landslides》2011,8(3):333-338
The dense recordings of the K-NET and KiK-net nationwide strong motion network of 1,189 accelerometers show clearly the radiation
and propagation properties of the strong ground motions associated with the 2011 off-the-Pacific Coast-of-Tohoku, Japan (Mw = 9.0)
earthquake. The snapshots of seismic wave propagation reveal strong ground motions from this earthquake that originate from
three large slips; the first two slips occurred over the plate interface of off-Miyagi at the southwest and the east of the
hypocenter, and the third one just beneath the northern end of Ibaraki over the plate interface or in the crust. Such multiple
shocks of this event caused large accelerations (maximum 1–2 G) and prolonged ground shaking lasting several minutes with
dominant high-frequency (T < 1 s) signals over the entire area of northern Japan. On the other hand, ground motions of relatively longer–period band
(T = 1–2 s), which caused significant damage to wooden-frame houses, were about 1/2–1/3 of those observed near the source area
of the destructive 1995 Kobe, Japan (M = 7.3) earthquake. Also, the long-period (T = 6–8 s) ground motion in the Kanto (Tokyo) sedimentary basin was at an almost comparable level of those observed during
the recent Mw = 7 inland earthquakes, but not as large as that from the former M = 8 earthquakes. Therefore, the impact of
the strong ground motion from the present M = 9 earthquake was not as large as expected from the previously M = 7–8 earthquakes
and caused strong motion damage only to short-scale construction and according to instruments inside the buildings, both have
a shorter (T < 1 s) natural period. 相似文献
153.
Soil moisture plays an important role in hydrology. Understanding factors (such as topography, vegetation, and meteorological conditions) that influence spatio‐temporal variability in soil moisture, and how this influence is manifested, is important for understanding hydrological processes. A number of distributed (quasi‐)physical hydrological models have been developed to investigate this subject. Previous studies have shown that the spatial differences in the distribution of soil types (residual and colluvial soils) dominantly reflect spatio‐temporal fluctuations in soil moisture and runoff. We present a methodology for assessing the spatial distribution of residual and colluvial soils, which differ with respect to their physical characteristics, in a 0·88 km2 forested catchment with complex topography and a complex land‐use history. Our method is based on penetration resistance profile data; in this data set, each data point represents soil physical characteristics within an area of about 25 m2. If the spatial distribution of soils under similar meteorological, geological, historical land use, and other conditions could be characterized on the basis of similarity in topographic features, then the spatial distribution of soil could be predicted based on relationships between various topographic indices (e.g. topographic index and local slope). We tested whether our model correctly assessed the reference data. The model's results were 90·5% correct for residual soils and 87·3% correct for colluvial soils. Further studies will quantify the relationships between topographic features of land covered by residual and colluvial soils and changes in spatio‐temporal variations in the catchment (e.g. vegetation and land use) as a function of geology or meteorology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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157.
Kenji Satake Alexander Rabinovich Utku Kano?lu Stefano Tinti 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(6-7):963-968
Eighteen papers are included in Volume 1 of a PAGEOPH topical issue Tsunamis in the World Ocean: Past, Present, and Future. These papers are briefly introduced. They are grouped into three categories: case studies of earthquake-generated tsunamis; tsunami forecast and hazard assessments; and theoretical and computational modeling of tsunami generation, propagation, and coastal behavior. Most of the papers were presented at the 24th International Tsunami Symposium held 14?C16 July 2009 in Novosibirsk, Russia, and reflect the current state of tsunami science. 相似文献
158.
We modeled a tsunami from the West Papua, Indonesia earthquakes on January 3, 2009 (M w?=?7.7). After the first earthquake, tsunami alerts were issued in Indonesia and Japan. The tsunami was recorded at many stations located in and around the Pacific Ocean. In particular, at Kushimoto on Kii Peninsula, the maximum amplitude was 43?cm, larger than that at Manokwari on New Guinea Island, near the epicenter. The tsunami was recorded on near-shore wave gauges, offshore GPS sensors and deep-sea bottom pressure sensors. We have collected more than 150 records and used 72 stations?? data with clear tsunami signals for the tsunami source modeling. We assumed two fault models (single fault and five subfaults) which are located to cover the aftershock area. The estimated average slip on the single fault model (80?×?40?km) is 0.64?m, which yields a seismic moment of 1.02?×?1020?Nm (M w?=?7.3). The observed tsunami waveforms at most stations are well explained by this model. 相似文献
159.
Kenji?SatakeEmail author Alexander?Rabinovich Utku?Kano?lu Stefano?Tinti 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(11):1913-1917
Fifteen papers are included in Volume 2 of a PAGEOPH topical issue Tsunamis in the World Ocean: Past, Present, and Future. These papers are briefly introduced. They are grouped into three categories: reports and studies of recent tsunamis, studies
on tsunami statistics and application to tsunami warning, and modeling studies of tsunami runup and inundation. Most of the
papers were presented at the 24th International Tsunami Symposium held 14–16 July 2009 in Novosibirsk, Russia, and reflect
the current state of tsunami science. 相似文献
160.
Takashi Yuguchi Kenji Amano Tadahiko Tsuruta Tohru Danhara Tadao Nishiyama 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,162(5):1063-1077
The three-dimensional spatial variations in the cooling pattern of the Toki granitic body, a zoned pluton in Central Japan,
have been evaluated quantitatively by thermochronology using cooling age determination based on the different closure temperatures
for target mineral species. The Toki granite has hornblende K–Ar ages of about 74.3 ± 3.7 Ma (N = 2; closure temperature of 510 ± 25°C), biotite K–Ar ages of 78.5 ± 3.9 to 59.7 ± 1.5 Ma (N = 33; 300 ± 50°C), and zircon fission-track ages of 75.6 ± 3.3 to 52.8 ± 2.6 Ma (N = 44; 240 ± 50°C). The spatial variation in the biotite K–Ar age is similar to that in the zircon fission-track age in samples
collected from 11 boreholes and seven outcrop sites in the Toki granite, indicating that cooling was effectively from the
roof and also from the northwest margin. This cooling pattern shows a strong correlation with the Alumina Saturation Index
(ASI) distribution of the body. Larger ASI values correspond to earlier and more rapid cooling after emplacement and smaller
value to slower cooling. Toki granite was effectively cooled from the peraluminous regions where assimilation of country sedimentary
rock was most extensive. 相似文献