Thermal phase transition of potassium sulfate,K2SO4     

Michihiro Miyake  Ichiro Minato  Shin-ichi Iwai 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1979,4(4):307-315

The thermal phase transition of K₂SO₄ has been investigated by high temperature polarized light microscopy. K₂SO₄ undergoes a first-order transition at 587° C where the orthorhombic low temperature form (Pmcn) transforms into a hexagonal high temperature modification (P6₃/mmc). Prior to the beginning of the phase transition, K₂SO₄ shows an anomalous optical behavior. The crystal apparently becomes optically uniaxial twice at 338° and 425° C, respectively, and truly optically uniaxial at 587° C. The phase transition propagates through an intermediate temperature form, which is sandwiched between the low and the high temperature forms and moves in a definite direction, 〈130〉 (orthorhombic indices), in the vicinity of the phase transition. Passing through the phase transition point on cooling, dark belts crossing each other are observed which are a result of the transformation twins parallel to {110} and {130}.  相似文献   

Linear and nonlinear computations of the 1992 Nicaragua earthquake tsunami   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Kenji Satake 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(3-4):455-470

Numerical computations of tsunamis are made for the 1992 Nicaragua earthquake using different governing equations, bottom frictional values and bathymetry data. The results are compared with each other as well as with the observations, both tide gauge records and runup heights. Comparison of the observed and computed tsunami waveforms indicates that the use of detailed bathymetry data with a small grid size is more effective than to include nonlinear terms in tsunami computation. Linear computation overestimates the amplitude for the later phase than the first arrival, particularly when the amplitude becomes large. The computed amplitudes along the coast from nonlinear computation are much smaller than the observed tsunami runup heights; the average ratio, or the amplification factor, is estimated to be 3 in the present case when the grid size of 1 minute is used. The factor however may depend on the grid size for the computation.  相似文献   

A method for determining both diffusion and sorption coefficients of rock medium within a few days by adopting a micro-reactor technique     

Keita Okuyama  Akira Sasahira  Kenji Noshita  Toshiaki Ohe 《Applied Geochemistry》2008,23(8):2130-2136

Migration properties characterized by physico-chemical factors such as distribution coefficient (K_d) and diffusion coefficient (D_e) are of great concern in performance assessment of high-level radioactive waste disposal in a deep geologic environment. These coefficients are normally obtained with different sample geometries using conventional methods, i.e., crushed samples by the batch sorption method for K_d determination and block samples by the through-diffusion method for D_e. A size dependence on both K_d and D_e has been reported and an additional correction due to size difference is required to maintain consistency of the data set. A fast method was developed, hereafter referred to as the micro-channel method, to determine both the sorption coefficient (R_d) and D_e using non-crushed rock sample by adopting the micro-reactor technique. In this method, a radionuclide solution is injected into a micro-channel (20 mm length, 4 mm width, 160 μm depth), which is in contact with a plate-shaped rock sample. A part of the injected radionuclide can diffuse into the rock matrix and/or adsorb on the rock surface and this results in an inlet-outlet concentration difference. A breakthrough curve is easily obtained with a short observation period because the injection amount is extremely small and is comparable to that escaping by diffusion into the matrix. The breakthrough curve is analyzed by a two-dimensional diffusion-advection equation to evaluate R_d and D_e.In the present study, tritiated water (specific activity, 1.2 × 10⁴ Bq/mL; pH, 6) was injected into the micro-channel, and the breakthrough curve of ³H obtained. A series of experiments was carried out by changing the flow rate of the tritiated water (2.6 × 10⁻⁵–7.7 × 10⁻⁴ m/s). Rock samples were biotite granite from the Makabe area, Japan. The diffusion coefficient evaluated by least squares fitting to the numerical solutions (D_e = 1.5 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s) agreed well with that obtained by the through-diffusion method (1.3 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s). The breakthrough curve of Cs ([Cs] = 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol/L, pH 6) labeled with ¹³⁴Cs (specific activity adjusted to 4.9 × 10¹ Bq/mL) was also obtained. A nearly constant R_d value (5.5 × 10⁻² m³/kg) was found when the flow rate was less than 2.5 × 10⁻⁴ m/s. This implied that the sorption equilibrium is reached and K_d is obtained by the present method. This value was almost identical to K_d obtained by the batch sorption method (5.0 × 10⁻² m³/kg), but the testing period was very different; 1 day and 7 days, respectively. It is concluded that application of the micro-channel method provided advantages when compared with the conventional methods.  相似文献   

The 2014 southeast Brazil austral summer drought: regional scale mechanisms and teleconnections     

Caio A. S. Coelho  Cristiano Prestrelo de Oliveira  Tércio Ambrizzi  Michelle Simões Reboita  Camila Bertoletti Carpenedo  José Leandro Pereira Silveira Campos  Ana Carolina Nóbile Tomaziello  Luana Albertani Pampuch  Maria de Souza Custódio  Lívia Marcia Mosso Dutra  Rosmeri P. Da Rocha  Amanda Rehbein 《Climate Dynamics》2016,46(11-12):3737-3752

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地球物理学方法在区分多年冻土区咸水层和淡水融化层中的应用     

Kenji Yoshikawa  Vladimir Romanovsky  Nataria Duxbury  Jerry Brown  Alexandre Tsapin 《冰川冻土》2004,26(Z1):301-309

Direct current resistivity and ground penetrating radar surveys were employed to obtain the value of the resistivity and dielectric constant in the brine near the Barrow, Alaska. The geophysical surveys were undertaken together with the permafrost drilling program for the measuring of the ground temperature regime and for the core sampling. The sampled cores were measured for their physical and chemical properties in the laboratory under different temperature conditions (-60 to 20 ℃). Laboratory results support field observations and led to the development of a technique for distinguishing freshwater taliks and brine layers in permafrost. These methods were also employed in freshwater taliks near Council,Alaska. The electrical resistivity is a powerful and sensitive parameter for brine detection. However, the resistivity is a less sensitive indicator of the soil type or water content under highly saline conditions.High frequency dielectric constant is an ideal second parameter for the indication of the soil type, liquid water content and other physical properties. The imaginary part of the dielectric constant and resistivity have a significant dependence upon salinity, i.e. upon freezing temperature. The ground temperature regime and the freezing point of the brine layer are important parameters for studying the electric properties of permafrost terrain.  相似文献   

Enzymatic Approach to Fungal Association with Arthropod Guts: A Case Study for the Crustacean Host, Nihonotrypaea harmandi, and Its Foregut Fungus, Enteromyces callianassae     

Hiroshi Kimura  Kazuyuki Harada  Kenji Hara  & Akio Tamaki 《Marine Ecology》2002,23(2):157-183

Abstract. In the callianassid shrimp Nihonotrypaea harmandi (Bouvier 1901), the trichomycete fungus Enteromyces callianassae Lichtwardt 1961 occurs exclusively on the foregut lining. The enzymes from both the shrimp and the fungus apparently hydrolyze certain nitrogen and carbon compounds in detritus. The activities of various proteases and carbohydrases contained in the foregut juice were compared between fungus-infected shrimps collected from a sandflat in Kyushu, Japan (51 % infection rate) and uninfected shrimps from a nearby sandflat. The concentration of enzymatically hydrolyzable amino acids (EHAA) in sediment liberated by the foregut juice with fungi was slightly lower than that by 0.1 mg·ml^-1 proteinase-K and significantly higher than that by the foregut juice without fungi. In both foregut juices, substantial enzyme activities were recorded for proteinase(s), peptidases, amylase, cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase, and minimal ones for maltase and cellobiase. Of the commercial substrates examined, only in the case of the mixture of 16 kinds of dipeptides was a significantly higher enzyme activity in the foregut juice with fungi observed. In the process of EHAA liberation from sediment, peptidases secreted by the fungus most probably act as a supplement to the endogenous secretion by the shrimp. This may explain the higher shrimp growth rate recorded for the population with fungi. However, the significantly higher sediment EHAA concentration of the sandflat inhabited by this population versus the population without fungi could be another crucial factor explaining the site difference in shrimp growth rate.  相似文献   

Three-year investigations into sperm whale-fall ecosystems in Japan   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Yoshihiro Fujiwara  Masaru Kawato  Tomoko Yamamoto  Toshiro Yamanaka  Waka Sato-Okoshi  Chikayo Noda  Shinji Tsuchida  Tomoyuki Komai  Sherine Sonia Cubelio  Takenori Sasaki  Karen Jacobsen  Kaoru Kubokawa  Katsunori Fujikura  Tadashi Maruyama  Yasuo Furushima  Kenji Okoshi  Hiroshi Miyake  Masayuki Miyazaki  Yuichi Nogi  Akiko Yatabe  & Takashi Okutani 《Marine Ecology》2007,28(1):219-232

We report the first study of sperm whale‐fall ecosystems, based on mass sinking of whale carcasses at shelf depths in the northwest Pacific. We conducted three observations over a 2‐year period on replicate sperm‐whale carcasses implanted at depths of 219–254 m off the southern part of Japan from July 2003 to August 2005. The study was made possible by a mass stranding of sperm whales in January 2002, and the subsequent sinking of 12 carcasses in the waters off Cape Nomamisaki. Dense aggregations of unique chemosynthesis‐based fauna had formed around the whale carcasses after 18 months (July 2003). The mytilid mussel Adipicola pacifica was the most abundant macrofaunal species and covered most of the exposed bone surfaces. The general composition of the fauna was similar to that of deep‐water reducing habitats, but none of the species appearing in this study has been found at hydrothermal vents, cold seeps or deep‐water whale falls. A new species of lancelet, which was the first record of the subphylum Cephalochordata from reducing environments, a new species of Osedax; a rarely encountered benthic ctenophore, and a rare gastropod species were discovered at this sperm whale‐fall site. Benthic communities were similar across all the carcasses studied, although the body sizes of the whales were very different. The succession of epifaunal communities was relatively rapid and the sulphophilic stage was considerably shorter than that of other known whale falls.  相似文献   

On the free oscillation of water in a circular lake with paraboloidal base,III     

Yoshio Shibaoka  Kenji Oto 《Journal of Oceanography》1970,26(2):108-109

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The measurement of incident and azimuthal angles and the polarization of whistlers at low latitudes     

T. Okada  A. Iwai  M. Hayakawa 《Planetary and Space Science》1977,25(3):233-241

In order to estimate the path latitude of low-latitude whistlers, the measurement of the direction of arrival (bearing and elevation) and the polarization has been successfully carried out a low-latitude station at Takayama (geomag. lat. 26°), by using our newly developed electronic devices. Our system of using two crossed loops and a vertical monopole is, in principle, based on Crary's method and is effective for elliptically polarized waves. The measurements were made at a specific frequency of 4.5 kHz.The main results of our preliminary experiments are (i) the exit points of observed whistlers are located several tens of kilometers approximately north-north-east of the observing site and (ii) although a few whistlers have shown the polarization very close to circular, the polarization of most whistlers are generally elliptical, indicating the effect of multi-rays propagating in the Earth- ionosphere waveguide.  相似文献