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21.
Milton J. Woods Robert J. Davy Christopher J. Russell Peter A. Coppin 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,141(1):93-116
Analytical expressions for the cross-spectrum of wind speed are developed for the stochastic simulation of wind power in south-eastern
Australia. The expressions are valid for heights above the ground in the range 40–80 m, site separations of 1–30 km, and frequencies
of (1/6)–3 cycles h−1. The influence of site separation distance is taken into account, as are variables that are defined for blocks of time. These
variables include the mean and standard deviation of wind speed and the mean wind direction. The parameters of the model equations
are determined by non-linear least-squares regression with cross-validation over 10 years of wind measurements from 84 towers
in south-eastern Australia. 相似文献
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S. Thomas T. Fusco A. Tokovinin M. Nicolle V. Michau G. Rousset 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,371(1):323-336
Analytical theory is combined with extensive numerical simulations to compare different flavours of centroiding algorithms: thresholding, weighted centroid, correlation, quad cell (QC). For each method, optimal parameters are defined in function of photon flux, readout noise and turbulence level. We find that at very low flux the noise of QC and weighted centroid leads the best result, but the latter method can provide linear and optimal response if the weight follows spot displacements. Both methods can work with average flux as low as 10 photons per subaperture under a readout noise of three electrons. At high-flux levels, the dominant errors come from non-linearity of response, from spot truncations and distortions and from detector pixel sampling. It is shown that at high flux, centre of gravity approaches and correlation methods are equivalent (and provide better results than QC estimator) as soon as their parameters are optimized. Finally, examples of applications are given to illustrate the results obtained in the paper. 相似文献
24.
Matthieu A. H. Rousset Chung K. Huang Hector Klie Louis J. Durlofsky 《Computational Geosciences》2014,18(3-4):401-415
Thermal recovery can entail considerably higher costs than conventional oil recovery, so the use of computational optimization techniques in designing and operating these processes may be beneficial. Optimization, however, requires many simulations, which results in substantial computational cost. Here, we implement a model-order reduction technique that aims at large reductions in computational requirements. The technique considered, trajectory piecewise linearization (TPWL), entails the representation of new solutions in terms of linearizations around previously simulated (and saved) training solutions. The linearized representation is projected into a low-dimensional space, with the projection matrix constructed through proper orthogonal decomposition of solution “snapshots” generated in the training step. Two idealized problems are considered here: primary production of oil driven by downhole heaters and a simplified model for steam-assisted gravity drainage, where water and steam are treated as a single “effective” phase. The strong temperature dependence of oil viscosity is included in both cases. TPWL results for these systems demonstrate that the method can provide accurate predictions relative to full-order reference solutions. Observed runtime speedups are very substantial, over 2 orders of magnitude for the cases considered. The overhead associated with TPWL model construction is equivalent to the computation time for several full-order simulations (the precise overhead depends on the number of training runs), so the method is only applicable if many simulations are to be performed. 相似文献
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In order to identify the dominant non-Newtonian effects which occur during the injection of a new Newtonian magma through a partially crystallized magma chamber, we have performed some preliminary analogue experiments which enable us to point out several features induced by the non-Newtonian properties of the host fluid during injection processes. These experiments were performed in a three-dimensional device and involve complex non-Newtonian fluids—clay suspensions in which rheological properties such as bulk strength, yield strength and rheofluidification exponent may vary. Forced injection takes place through a slot which in the case of a Newtonian host fluid is the geometry that provides planar structures. Depending both on the density contrast and on the rheological contrast between the injected dyed water and the host fluid three kind of structures were observed: (1) permanent plumes when the injected water is lighter than the suspension exhibiting rheological properties close to Newtonian fluids; (2) pseudo-fountains and spreading at the bottom of the tank with a destabilizing density contrast and in high yield strength/more viscous suspensions; (3) fountains with a slightly stablizing density contrast. The implications for magma chamber evolution are briefly discussed. In particular it seems that homogeneous non-Newtonian media inhibit the formation of planar structures and partially crystallized magma may induce the spreading of the new magma at the bottom or at the top of the chamber regardless of the density contrast between the magmas. 相似文献
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Arctic salinity anomalies and their link to the North Atlantic during a positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marie-Noelle Houssais Christophe Herbaut Clément Rousset 《Progress in Oceanography》2007,73(2):160-189
Many of the changes observed during the last two decades in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas have been linked to the concomitant abrupt decrease of the sea level pressure in the central Arctic at the end of the 1980s. The decrease was associated with a shift of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) to a positive phase, which persisted throughout the mid 1990s. The Arctic salinity distribution is expected to respond to these dramatic changes via modifications in the ocean circulation and in the fresh water storage and transport by sea ice. The present study investigates these different contributions in the context of idealized ice-ocean experiments forced by atmospheric surface wind-stress or temperature anomalies representative of a positive AO index.Wind stress anomalies representative of a positive AO index generate a decrease of the fresh water content of the upper Arctic Ocean, which is mainly concentrated in the eastern Arctic with almost no compensation from the western Arctic. Sea ice contributes to about two-third of this salinification, another third being provided by an increased supply of salt by the Atlantic inflow and increased fresh water export through the Canadian Archipelago and Fram Strait. The signature of a saltier Atlantic Current in the Norwegian Sea is not found further north in both the Barents Sea and the Fram Strait branches of the Atlantic inflow where instead a widespread freshening is observed. The latter is the result of import of fresh anomalies from the subpolar North Atlantic through the Iceland-Scotland Passage and enhanced advection of low salinity waters via the East Icelandic Current. The volume of ice exported through Fram Strait increases by 20% primarily due to thicker ice advected into the strait from the northern Greenland sector, the increase of ice drift velocities having comparatively less influence. The export anomaly is comparable to those observed during events of Great Salinity Anomalies and induces substantial freshening in the Greenland Sea, which in turn contributes to increasing the fresh water export to the North Atlantic via Denmark Strait. With a fresh water export anomaly of 7 mSv, the latter is the main fresh water supplier to the subpolar North Atlantic, the Canadian Archipelago contributing to 4.4 mSv.The removal of fresh water by sea ice under a positive winter AO index mainly occurs through enhanced thin ice growth in the eastern Arctic. Winter SAT anomalies have little impact on the thermodynamic sea ice response, which is rather dictated by wind driven ice deformation changes. The global sea ice mass balance of the western Arctic indicates almost no net sea ice melt due to competing seasonal thermodynamic processes. The surface freshening and likely enhanced sea ice melt observed in the western Arctic during the 1990s should therefore be attributed to extra-winter atmospheric effects, such as the noticeable recent spring-summer warming in the Canada-Alaska sector, or to other modes of atmospheric circulations than the AO, especially in relation to the North Pacific variability. 相似文献
29.
Régine?Mosser-RuckEmail author Isabella?Pignatelli Franck?Bourdelle Mustapha?Abdelmoula Odile?Barres Damien?Guillaume Delphine?Charpentier Davy?Rousset Michel?Cathelineau Nicolas?Michau 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2016,171(11):97
The smectite-to-chlorite conversion is investigated through long-duration experiments (up to 9 years) conducted at 300 °C. The starting products were the Wyoming bentonite MX80 (79 % smectite), metallic iron and magnetite in contact with a Na–Ca chloride solution. The predominant minerals in the run products were an iron-rich chlorite (chamosite like) and interstratified clays interpreted to be chlorite/smectite and/or corrensite/smectite, accompanied by euhedral crystals of quartz, albite and zeolite. The formation of pure corrensite was not observed in the long-duration experiments. The conversion of smectite into chlorite over time appears to take place in several steps and through several successive mechanisms: a solid-state transformation, significant dissolution of the smectite and direct precipitation from the solution, which is over-saturated with respect to chlorite, allowing the formation of a chamosite-like mineral. The reaction mechanisms are confirmed by X-ray patterns and data obtained on the experimental solutions (pH, contents of Si, Mg, Na and Ca). Because of the availability of some nutrients in the solution, total dissolution of the starting smectite does not lead to 100 % crystallization of chlorite but to a mixture of two dominant clays: chamosite and interstratified chlorite/smectite and/or corrensite/smectite poor in smectite. The role of Fe/(Fe + Mg) in the experimental medium is highlighted by chemical data obtained on newly formed clay particles alongside previously published data. The newly formed iron-rich chlorite has the same composition as that predicted by the geothermometer for diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic conditions, and the quartz + Fe-chlorite + albite experimental assemblage in the 9-year experiment is close to that fixed by water–rock equilibrium. 相似文献
30.
Silvio Jose Gumiere Damien Raclot Bruno Cheviron Gregory Davy Xavier Louchart Jean‐Christophe Fabre Roger Moussa Yves Le Bissonnais 《水文研究》2011,25(11):1717-1728
In this paper, we present MHYDAS‐Erosion, a dynamic and distributed single‐storm water erosion model developed as a module of the existing hydrological MHYDAS model. As with many catchment erosion models, MHYDAS‐Erosion is able to simulate sediment transport, erosion and deposition by rill and interrill processes. Its originality stems from its capacity to integrate the impact of land management practices (LMP) as key elements controlling the sedimentological connectivity in agricultural catchments. To this end, the water‐sediment pathways are first determined by a specific process‐oriented procedure defined and controlled by the user, which makes the integration of LMP easier. The LMP dynamic behaviours are then integrated into the model as a time‐dependent function of hydrological variables and LMP characteristics. The first version of the model was implemented for vegetative filters and tested using water and sediment discharge measurements at three nested scales of a densely instrumented catchment (Roujan, OMERE Observatory, southern France). The results of discharge and soil loss for simulated rainfall events have been found to acceptably compare with available data. The average R2 values for water and sediment discharge are 0·82 and 0·83, respectively. The sensitivity of the model to changes in the proportion of LMP was assessed for a single rain event by considering three scenarios of the Roujan catchment management with vegetative filters: 0% (Scenario 1), 18% (Scenario 2, real case) and 100% (Scenario 3). Compared to Scenario 2 (real case), soil losses decreased for Scenario 3 by 65% on the agricultural plot scale, 62% on the sub‐catchment scale and 45% at the outlet of the catchment and increased for Scenario 1 by 0% on the plot scale, 26% on the sub‐catchment scale and 18% at the outlet of the catchment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献