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301.
Kristin A. Ludwig Deborah S. Kelley Bruce K. Nelson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(14):3625-3645
The Lost City Hydrothermal Field at 30°N, near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is an off-axis, moderate temperature, high-pH (9-10.8), serpentinite-hosted vent system. The field is hosted on ∼1.5 Ma crust, near the summit of the Atlantis Massif. Within the field, actively venting carbonate chimneys tower up to 60 m above the seafloor, making them the tallest vent structures known. The chemistry of the chimneys and vent fluids is controlled by serpentinization reactions between seawater and underlying peridotite. Mixing of <40-91 °C calcium-rich vent fluids with seawater results in the precipitation of variable mixtures of aragonite, calcite, and brucite. The resultant deposits range from tall, graceful pinnacles to fragile flanges and delicate precipitates that grow outward from fissures in the bedrock. In this study, mineralogy, petrographic analyses, major and trace element concentrations, and Sr isotopic compositions are used to propose a model for the growth and chemical evolution of carbonate chimneys in a serpentinite-hosted environment. Our results show that nascent chimneys are characterized by a porous, interlacing network of aragonite, and brucite minerals that form extremely fragile structures. The chemistry of these young deposits is characterized by ∼10 wt% Ca and up to 27 wt% Mg, extremely low trace metal concentrations, and 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios near 0.70760. During aging of the chimneys, progressive reactions with seawater result in the dissolution of brucite, the conversion of aragonite to calcite, and infilling of pore spaces with calcite. The oldest chimneys are dominated by calcite, with bulk rock values of up to 36 wt% Ca and <1 wt% Mg. These older structures contain higher concentrations of trace metals (e.g., Mn and Ti), and have Sr isotope ratios near seawater values (0.70908). Exposed ultramafic rocks are prevalent along the Mid-Atlantic, Arctic, and Indian Ocean ridge networks and it is likely that other Lost City-type systems exist. 相似文献
302.
Ombrogenic Atlantic salt marshes are defined as areas of halophytic, terrestrial vegetation which are periodically flooded by the tide and have a predominant underlying organic substrate comprising of wood and/or Sphagnum peat that formed under freshwater conditions. The objective of this study was to determine to what extent salt marsh plant ecology and, specifically, vegetation composition and zonation relate to this underlying substrate of organic matter (peat). A vegetation survey was carried out on nine salt marshes, three on peat substrate and two on sand, mud and sand/mud, respectively. In parallel, key edaphic variables were measured including pH, conductivity, organic content, moisture content and nutrients: ammonium, nitrate and phosphorus. Salt marshes on peat substrate are distinct. Ammonium content was twice the maximum reported in other salt marsh studies, while the vegetation composition of salt marshes on peat substrate was significantly different from that of other salt marshes. Salt marshes on peat substrate were found to be higher in species diversity and richness and characterised by a predominantly forb and rush community. However, some common salt marsh species, such as Atriplex portulacoides and Spartina anglica were absent from salt marshes on peat. Ordination analysis revealed that zonation was primarily associated with conductivity on peat substrates. In contrast, moisture plays a greater role in zonation within non-peat salt marshes. The findings confirm that the high organic matter content of ombrogenic Atlantic salt marshes is associated with distinct vegetation composition. 相似文献
303.
Three anthropogenic sources (urban, soil, and industrial runoff) were characterized for bulk nutrient and dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition using wet chemistry and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Each source was unique based on its chemical composition. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) comprised 91, 60, and 20 % of the total N pool in the soil, urban, and industrial sources, respectively. The DOM composition was dominated by terrestrial compounds in the soil, condensed hydrocarbons, lipids and proteins in the urban, and lipid-like compounds in the industrial source. A York River (VA) phytoplankton assemblage, dominated by Cochlodinium polykrikoides, was amended with the sources during a 7-day bioassay. There was a doubling of chlorophyll a and/or cell concentrations within 2 days, in the +Urban and +Soil treatments. The + Industrial treatment supported algal growth, but increases in cell abundances were only statistically significant at the end of the experiment (days 5–7), suggesting that this material was less labile to the original York River community than the other anthropogenic nutrient sources, on the relatively short timescale of the study. 相似文献
304.
305.
The purpose of this research is to investigate what factors influence the management of International Business Air Travel (IBAT). The researchers interviewed 34 business travellers, travel organisers and executives involved in IBAT from ten organisations in differing industries, in Australia. It was found that there are a multitude of factors influencing IBAT management, including professionalism and job satisfaction of travellers and the achievement of organisational goals such as carrying out successful international ventures or operating effectively in international markets. From the findings a strategic model was developed called the Threshold of Tolerance Model—which illustrates the potential point where both organisational goals are most likely to be met and where IBAT is most likely to be well managed for both travellers and organisations. 相似文献
306.
Deborah L. Domingue Scott L. Murchie Nancy L. Chabot Brett W. Denevi Faith Vilas 《Planetary and Space Science》2011,59(15):1853-1872
Presented here are analyses of the photometric measurements acquired by the imaging system on the MESSENGER spacecraft during its three flybys of Mercury, in particular the dedicated sequence of photometric measurements obtained during the third flyby. A concise, analytical approach is adopted for characterizing the effects of scattered light on the images. This approach works well for wavelengths shorter than 700 nm but breaks down at the longer wavelengths where the scattering behavior of the imaging system is more complex. Broadband spectral properties are commensurate with ground-based observations for spectra acquired at phase angles less than 110°; photometric corrections to a common illumination and viewing geometry provide consistent results for those phase angles. No phase reddening is apparent in the image-derived spectra. A bolometric albedo of 0.081 is derived over the wavelength range of the imaging system. 相似文献
307.
308.
Michelle Elliott Christopher T. Fisher Roberto S. Molina Garza Deborah M. Pearsall 《Quaternary Research》2010,74(1):26-35
Scholars attribute the growth and decline of Classic period (AD 200-900) settlements in the semi-arid northern frontier zone of Mesoamerica to rainfall cycles that controlled the extent of arable land. However, there is little empirical evidence to support this claim. We present phytolith, organic carbon, and magnetic susceptibility analyses of a 4000-yr alluvial record of climate and human land use from the Malpaso Valley, the site of one such Classic frontier community. The earliest farming occupation is detected around 500 BC and appears related to a slight increase of aridity, similar to the level of the modern day valley. By AD 500, the valley's Classic period Mesoamerican settlements were founded under these same dry conditions, which continued into the Postclassic period. This indicates that the La Quemada occupation did not develop during a period of increased rainfall, but rather an arid phase. The most dramatic changes detected in the valley resulted from the erosion associated with Spanish Colonial grazing and deforestation that began in the 16th century. The landscape of the modern Malpaso Valley is thus primarily the product of a series of intense and rapid transformations that were concentrated within the last 400 yr. 相似文献
309.
Titze Daniel Beletsky Dmitry Feyen Jesse Saunders William Mason Lacey Kessler James Chu Philip Lee Deborah 《Ocean Dynamics》2023,73(5):231-248
Ocean Dynamics - In response to record-breaking flooding on Lake Champlain in 2011, the International Joint Commission launched a 5-year study to explore solutions to flooding in the binational... 相似文献
310.
Michael Thompson Philip J. Potts Jean S. Kane Peter C. Webb John S. Watson 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2000,24(1):E1-E37
Results are presented from the seventy five laboratories participating in GeoPT4, round four of the international proficiency testing programme for analytical geochemistry laboratories. Laboratories were required to analyse the sample OU-2 (Belford dolerite) using routine methods of analysis. The sample was distributed during September 1998 with a deadline for the submission of results of 15th January 1999. In this report, contributed data are analysed and z-scores calculated. Z-score values provide participating laboratories with information concerning the quality of their results and indicate data that may be subject to unsuspected analytical bias. Laboratories are invited to examine these data and take the appropriate action. 相似文献